Rectal perforation due to benign stricture caused by rectal burns associated with hot coffee enemas

Abstract

A 27-year-old woman visited our hospital complaining of lower abdominal and anal pain, developed several minutes after a hot coffee enema to relieve constipation. Abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) revealed marked wall thickening in the entire rectum and surrounding fluid collection that suggested severe necrotic mucosal change (• " Fig. 1). Sigmoidoscopy showed necrotic mucosal lesions with hemorrhage and exudates in the rectum (• " Fig. 2). She recovered with supportive treatment, and follow-up sigmoidoscopy showed benign stricture and ulcer scars (• " Fig. 3). On the 46 th clinical day, the patient revisited the emergency department for terrible abdominal pain that had suddenly developed during straining and bowel movements. She was diagnosed with rectal perforation and peritonitis on the basis of CT scans. Laparoscopy revealed a 4-cm perforation of the upper rectum with fecal soilage (• " Fig. 4). Primary repair and temporary colostomy was performed. On the 130 th clinical day, she was asymptomatic and sigmoidoscopy showed scarring with mild stricture (• " Fig. 5). Finally, she was discharged in satisfactory condition after a colostomy take-down procedure. In alternative medicine, coffee enemas are used to treat various diseases, including cancer and constipation, without valid evidence of efficacy [1]. The potential complications of coffee enemas are not well known, but include rectal burns, proctocolitis, benign stricture, and even death [2-6]. Recently, three cases of colorectal complications caused by coffee enema were reported, two cases of rectal burns by thermal injury [4, 5], and a third case of proctocolitis by chemical irritation [6]. To our knowledge, this is the first case of spontaneous rectal perforation from benign stricture caused by hot coffee enemas, and the first to outline the natural history of rectal burns associated with hot coffee enemas. This case suggests that coffee enemas may lead to serious complications and their use as an alternative medical treatment should be reconsidered.

The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema

“…Among the 9 case reports, 3 were from the United States, [ 12 – 14 ] 5 were from Korea, [ 15 – 19 ] and 1 was from Japan. [ 20 ] The characteristics and results are summarized in Table 2 .…”

“…After self-administering coffee enema, the patients of the 7 case reports experienced pain in lower abdomen or occasionally, in the anal region with bloody stool. As a consequence of self-administering coffee enema, colitis was diagnosed in 4 case reports [ 16 – 18 ] and in the other 3, [ 14 , 19 , 20 ] rectal burn or perforation was observed through medical imaging.…”

“…The mechanism by which coffee enema induced the burn suggested in 5 case reports among the 7 relatively recent case reports. Two [ 14 , 19 ] suggested that the high temperature of the coffee fluid might be the cause, and it was proposed that the coffee should be cooled off before use. Other 3 [ 16 – 18 ] more explored potential mechanisms for the coffee enema-induced adverse events based on those mechanisms associated with the adverse effects of enema therapy in general.…”

“…All 8 case reports with conclusions [ 12 – 19 ] warned against the self-administration of coffee enema because of the absence of scientific evidence on the effectiveness and proper indication for administration, and, mostly, because of possible adverse events of which the mechanism is not yet clarified.…”

Synchronous Colitis Induced by Hot Water Enema-An Easily Missed Etiology for Colitis in Modern Days

“…Maladjustment and malfunction of electronic bidet might increase chance of scalding injury. Early diagnosis and appropriate management is essential for patient's outcome [2].…”