Recrudescence of visceral leishmaniasis unrelated to HIV infection in the Campania region of Italy

Gradoni, Luigi; Pizzuti, Renato; Scalone, Aldo; Russo, Manlio; Gramiccia, Marina; Martino, L. Di; Pempinello, R.; Gaeta, Giovanni Battista

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90226-6

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Case clusters were identified in several villages or peri-urban districts reaching an incidence of two VL cases/1,000 population in some years. A striking feature was that this epidemic was unrelated to HIV co-infections [19], which were occurring also in the form of an epidemic in other Italian regions in the same period. Parasite identification carried out on 225 strains up to the year 2003, revealed that about half of the cases (110 strains) were due to a novel zymodeme of L. infantum (MON-72) found also in dogs and in phlebotomine vectors from Campania foci [20,21].…”

Section: Epidemic Involving Parts Of Three Provinces Of the Campania mentioning

confidence: 87%

The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009

et al. 2013

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Starting from 1989 Italy experienced an increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases over a baseline of 10 to 30 cases reported annually. The number of cases peaked in 2000 and 2004 with more than 200 cases/ year, and subsequently declined to reach on average one third of the 2000 peak value in the period after 2010. A retrospective analysis from 1982 to 2012 showed that the multi-annual epidemic consisted of major components including (i) an outbreak involving infants and immunocompetent adults in parts of the Campania region (southern peninsular Italy) and that appears to have declined naturally, (ii) a second outbreak affecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals throughout the country, that declined owing to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART), (iii) a generalised increase of VL cases in immunocompetent individuals and patients affected by associated conditions other than HIV from endemic regions of peninsular and insular Italy (other than Campania), which was due to a geographical spreading of VL foci, with no major case-clusters or outbreak features. A minor component consisted in the appearance of a few autochthonous cases in formerly non-endemic areas, starting from the early 1990s. Epidemic determinants and reasons for VL decline in the Campania region remain largely unexplained, despite the information available on canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors in Italy.

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Section: Epidemic Involving Parts Of Three Provinces Of the Campania mentioning

confidence: 87%

The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009

et al. 2013

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“…The study was performed in a rural area of the Naples province in southern Italy, where both human and canine visceral leishmaniases are highly endemic (11,15). The local phlebotomine vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus, is usually active from the end of May through early October (14).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Time Course of Leishmania infantum Infections Examined by Parasitological, Serologic, and Nested-PCR Techniques in a Cohort of Naïve Dogs Exposed to Three Consecutive Transmission Seasons

et al. 2006

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“…Altogether, 45 human cases were reported from 1993 to September 2000 in the five towns, giving a cumulative incidence of 0.4‰ (Table 1). Following a recrudescence in 1994–95 (Gradoni et al ., 1996), a 3‐year control project against CanL was started in 1996. This consisted of health education activities, detection of CanL cases by means of mass serological surveys, and drug treatment of seropositive dogs or euthanasia of most severe clinical cases of CanL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin‐impregnated dog collars in southern Italy

Maroli

Mizzoni

Siragusa

et al. 2001

Medical Vet Entomology

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104

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Dogs are the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum Nicolle (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the agent of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis. In southern Europe, where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is widespread due to L. infantum, killing seropositive dogs is considered unacceptable and drug treatment has low efficacy in preventing transmission. We made a field evaluation of the efficacy of deltamethrin dog collars in a CanL focus of southern Italy, Mount Vesuvius area of Campania region, where the vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead (Diptera: Psychodidae), by assessing their impact on the incidence of CanL in an intervention town, compared to that in dogs of control towns where no collars were fitted. During two consecutive transmission seasons, collars were fitted to 350 (1998) and 354 (1999) dogs from San Sebastiano al Vesuvio (70% of the canine population). Control dogs (371 and 264 in the 2 years, respectively) were from four towns of the same area. Before each transmission season, the CanL seroprevalence in the intervention and control towns was evaluated by cross-sectional surveys and found to be similar (about 15% in 1998 and 10% in 1999, respectively). After each transmission period, incidence rates of seroconversions were determined in adult dogs that were serologically negative before the season under evaluation, and in puppies. After the 1998 season, 2.7% of the dogs in the intervention town seroconverted compared to 5.4% in the control towns (50% protection, P = 0.15). After the 1999 season, 3.5% of collared dogs seroconverted compared to 25.8% of control dogs (86% protection, P < 0.001). The increase in seroconversion rates recorded in control dogs suggests an increase in the Leishmania force of infection in the canine reservoir during the 1999 sandfly season, as supported by the concomitant increase of human cases in control towns and in the whole Campania region. Our results suggest that the impact of mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of CanL may be negligible during low transmission seasons, or probably in low endemic foci, but can be very strong when the force of transmission is high.

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Recrudescence of visceral leishmaniasis unrelated to HIV infection in the Campania region of Italy

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009

The burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Italy from 1982 to 2012: a retrospective analysis of the multi-annual epidemic that occurred from 1989 to 2009

Incidence and Time Course of Leishmania infantum Infections Examined by Parasitological, Serologic, and Nested-PCR Techniques in a Cohort of Naïve Dogs Exposed to Three Consecutive Transmission Seasons

Evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin‐impregnated dog collars in southern Italy

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