“…According to previous researches, sufficient exercise space not only provides a comfortable and safe environment for fitness center users to exercise [ 12 , 43 ], but also evokes positive emotions and satisfaction [ 44 ]. Here, ‘comfort’ refers to the alleviation of inconveniences such as difficulty in movement due to overcrowding and inability to focus on exercise due to wait times for equipment use, caused by inadequate exercise equipment and space.…”