Recreational drugs and male fertility

Abstract

In this article, the authors explore the impact of modifiable factors such as smoking, alcohol and substance abuse on male reproductive health.

Substance Use and Preconception Care: A Review of the Literature

“…Less and sometimes mixed findings are seen for the effects of substance use during the preconception period. The evidence regarding the effects of tobacco smoking and moderate alcohol intake on male fertility has been inconsistent (17,18). Smoking, however, clearly has a significantly harmful effect, diminishing female fertility (19,20).…”

“…Much like male fertility, evidence is not conclusive as to whether alcohol consumption has an impact on female fertility (21,22). There is evidence, however, that excessive alcohol intake in males is associated with testicular atrophy, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and reduced effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures (17,23,24). Although the evidence was minimal, anabolic steroids and recreational drugs can cause damage to sperm, but the sperm may recover with discontinuation of use of steroids and drugs (17).…”

“…Further, caffeine intake in women prior to pregnancy has not been conclusively shown to affect fertility; however, it may increase their risk for spontaneous abortion in the first trimester (29)(30)(31). Even though there is conflicting evidence in the literature about the effects of substance use and fertility, it is recommended that men and women cease use of these substances for fertility, preconception health, and overall good health (6,17,18,21,23,24,32).…”

Infertility: Understanding investigation and treatment options

“…Reducing alcohol intake can be beneficial, and couples should be advised to comply with the Department of Health’s recommendations (no more than 14 units per week for both men and women). Excessive alcohol intake is known to affect semen quality (Kulkarni et al., 2014), and episodes of intoxication may risk harm to a developing fetus (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2013).…”

“…These may need to be stopped or switched to a safe alternative with the support of Specialist advice. Recreational drugs should be avoided, in particular: anabolic steroids, cannabis, amphetamines (ecstasy) and opioids can affect sperm quality (Kulkarani et al., 2014).…”