Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization and Opioid Prescriptions and Mortality

Abstract

ImportanceWhile some have argued that cannabis legalization has helped to reduce opioid-related morbidity and mortality in the US, evidence has been mixed. Moreover, existing studies did not account for biases that could arise when policy effects vary over time or across states or when multiple policies are assessed at the same time, as in the case of recreational and medical cannabis legalization.ObjectiveTo quantify changes in opioid prescriptions and opioid overdose deaths associated with recreational and medical cannabis legalization in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis quasiexperimental, generalized difference-in-differences analysis used annual state-level data between January 2006 and December 2020 to compare states that legalized recreational or medical cannabis vs those that did not.InterventionRecreational and medical cannabis law implementation (proxied by recreational and medical cannabis dispensary openings) between 2006 and 2020 across US states.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOpioid prescription rates per 100 persons and opioid overdose deaths per 100 000 population based on data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2020, 13 states legalized recreational cannabis and 23 states legalized medical cannabis. There was no statistically significant association of recreational or medical cannabis laws with opioid prescriptions or overall opioid overdose mortality across the 15-year study period, although the results also suggested a potential reduction in synthetic opioid deaths associated with recreational cannabis laws (4.9 fewer deaths per 100 000 population; 95% CI, −9.49 to −0.30; P = .04). Sensitivity analyses excluding state economic indicators, accounting for additional opioid laws and using alternative ways to code treatment dates yielded substantively similar results, suggesting the absence of statistically significant associations between cannabis laws and the outcomes of interest during the full study period.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this study suggest that, after accounting for biases due to possible heterogeneous effects and simultaneous assessment of recreational and medical cannabis legalization, the implementation of recreational or medical cannabis laws was not associated with opioid prescriptions or opioid mortality, with the exception of a possible reduction in synthetic opioid deaths associated with recreational cannabis law implementation.

The Impact of Nonpharmacological Interventions on Opioid Use for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Scoping Review

“…Concurrently, as revealed by a systematic review on the efficacy of integrative medicine approaches to reduce prescribed opioid use for chronic pain, participants who used cannabis had a greater pain severity score, greater pain interference score, lower pain self-efficacy scores, and greater anxiety severity scores [ 34 ]. Additionally, the literature shows that recreational and medical cannabis legalization were not associated with significant decreases in opioid prescriptions and fatal overdoses [ 37 ].…”