Recovery Time Profiling After Short-, Middle- and Long-Distance Swimming Performance

Abstract

We investigated cardiac autonomic responses and hemodynamic parameters on recovery time following short-, middle- and long-swimming performance. Ten male regional-level swimmers were tested to estimate time and frequency domains of arterial baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability after 100-, 200-, and 400-m of front crawl. We found a BRS reduction for 90 min after a maximal 100- and 200-m front crawl event, meanwhile the reflex was restored back to the baseline value about 70 min after 400-m. The vagally mediated HF power of R-R intervals was significantly reduced for 30 min after 400-m, and more than 90 min after 100- and 200-m, with a concomitant increase of sympathetic modulation. After 400-m athletes have reduced their stroke volume for 50 min, which remained at the baseline level following 100- and 200-m. HR was restored back after 90 min in all conditions, whereas TPR was significantly reduced for 50 min after 200- and 400-m, with a persistent reduction after 100-m. Time course of autonomic recovery after 3 different swimming performances is influenced by exercise intensity and duration, showing a rapid recovery after 400-m, an intermediate recovery after 200-m, and a significantly delayed recovery after a more strictly anaerobic performance like 100-m of front crawl. These results could encourage coaches to consider that athlete might be affected by the specific recovery time of the previous exercise performed, suggesting that the management of the exercise intensity, and appropriate monitoring of cardiac autonomic parameters might be helpful to know the physical condition of each athlete.

Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach

“…Given the complexity of athletic preparation and the required balance between fatigue and adaptation, several physical, physiological, and psychosocial measures are typically employed to help monitor and manage elite athletes during the different training phases of the season [5][6][7][8]. Another aspect that affects performance and can occur after a training macrocycle is an inadequate recovery of cellular homeostasis, as it can lead to fatigue of motor units and thus the potential recruitment of less efficient motor units in order to maintain performance and power output [9].…”

Changes in Muscle Contractile Properties after Cold- or Warm-Water Immersion Using Tensiomyography: A Cross-Over Randomised Trial

“…The search for the optimal physical condition and the monitoring of physiological parameters in athletes have always been topics of study for researchers, trainers and coaches [1,2]. Water immersion has been used in both sports and rehabilitation for several decades and its effects on several physiological parameters, including inflammatory and metabolic markers, blood flow and nerve transmission are well-documented in the literature [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Lifetime Exposure to Recreational Swimming Training and its Effects on Autonomic Responses

“…Indices of cardiac vagal outflow, that is SDNN, RMSSD and HF power, were clearly different in swimmers as compared to sedentary counterparts. Furthermore, differences were observed in BRS, which is a measure of reflex cardiac vagal responsiveness [17][18][19][20]. Loimaala et al [10] suggest that, to obtain a clinically significant increase in HRV and BRS, exercise training should be practiced consistently for many years.…”