Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) – A review

Zheng, Kun; Benedetti, Marc F.; van Hullebusch, Eric D.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119043

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(453 reference statements)

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“…Concerns regarding the availability of indium and gallium, critical materials for CIGS production, persist [ 66 ]. Both elements are relatively rare and have competing uses in other technologies, which could limit the scalability of CIGS solar cells.…”

Section: Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cigs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Machín,

Márquez

2024

Materials

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The evolution of photovoltaic cells is intrinsically linked to advancements in the materials from which they are fabricated. This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the latest developments in silicon-based, organic, and perovskite solar cells, which are at the forefront of photovoltaic research. We scrutinize the unique characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each material class, emphasizing their contributions to efficiency, stability, and commercial viability. Silicon-based cells are explored for their enduring relevance and recent innovations in crystalline structures. Organic photovoltaic cells are examined for their flexibility and potential for low-cost production, while perovskites are highlighted for their remarkable efficiency gains and ease of fabrication. The paper also addresses the challenges of material stability, scalability, and environmental impact, offering a balanced perspective on the current state and future potential of these material technologies.

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Section: Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cigs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both elements are relatively rare and have competing uses in other technologies, which could limit the scalability of CIGS solar cells. Research into recycling these materials from end-of-life products and exploring alternative, more abundant materials for CIGS cells is ongoing [ 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cigs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Machín,

Márquez

2024

Materials

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“…Another potential germanium occurrence is in bitterns (residual brines produced in the solar sea-salt extraction in the Mediterranean Sea region) [5] and, as mentioned above, in subproducts of the zinc industry and in the recycling of electronic wastes [6]. It is estimated that about 30% of germanium production results from the recycling of germanium-bearing materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Alguacil,

Robla

2024

Metals

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Though nowadays germanium does not reach the range of popularity of other metals, i.e., rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes it a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry; also, the recyclability of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery and due to the size of the target materials, because the diffusion and reaction are to be considered, hydrometallurgy performs a key role in achieving this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

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“…Another potential germanium-occurrence is bitterns (residual brines produced in the solar seasalt extraction in the Mediterranean sea region) [3], and as it is mentioned above, in subproducts of the zinc industry and in the recycling of electronic wastes [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Recent Advances on Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Alguacil,

Robla

2024

Preprint

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Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be find in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, and also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

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Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) – A review

Cited by 21 publications

References 144 publications

Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Some Recent Advances on Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

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