Recovery-Stress Response of Blood-Based Biomarkers

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate blood-based biomarkers and their regulation with regard to different recovery-stress states. A total of 35 male elite athletes (13 badminton, 22 soccer players) were recruited, and two venous blood samples were taken: one in a ‘recovered’ state (REC) after a minimum of one-day rest from exercise and another one in a ‘non-recovered’ state (NOR) after a habitual loading microcycle. Overall, 23 blood-based biomarkers of different physiologic domains, which address inflammation, muscle damage, and tissue repair, were analyzed by Luminex assays. Across all athletes, only creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL-) 6, and IL-17A showed higher concentrations at NOR compared to REC time points. In badminton players, higher levels of CK and IL-17A at NOR were found. In contrast, a higher value for S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) at REC was found in badminton players. Similar differences were found for BDNF in soccer players. Soccer players also showed increased levels of CK, and IL-6 at NOR compared to REC state. Several molecular markers were shown to be responsive to differing recovery-stress states, but their suitability as biomarkers in training must be further validated.

Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer)

“…Regarding football, a vast number of studies conducted in male and female semi-professional and professional football players have reported values of CK as a means to assess EIMD in training and competition ( Andersson et al, 2008 ; Gravina et al, 2011 ; Rampinini et al, 2011 ; Thorpe and Sunderland, 2012 ; Gatterer et al, 2013 ; Gunnarsson et al, 2013 ; Nedelec et al, 2013 ; Silva et al, 2013 ; Souglis et al, 2015a ; Pimenta et al, 2015 ; Russell et al, 2015 ; Mohr et al, 2016 ; Bouzid et al, 2018 ; Henrique et al, 2018 ; Marques-Jimenez et al, 2018 ; Souglis et al, 2018 ; Sparkes et al, 2018 ; Botelho et al, 2020 ; Pooley et al, 2020 ; Chou et al, 2021 ; Csala et al, 2021 ; Daab et al, 2021 ; Garcia-Romero-Perez et al, 2021 ; Hacker et al, 2021 ; Khaitin et al, 2021 ; Kostrzewa-Nowak et al, 2021 ; Trecroci et al, 2021 ; Selmi et al, 2022 ). Of note, as susceptibility to EIMD is higher among players unaccustomed to eccentric exercise, returning to high-intensity training and competition from off-season and periods of recovery from injury are considered critical time points for monitoring ( Nédélec et al, 2012 ).…”

“…The initial release of IL-6 usually precedes a less pronounced increase in the levels of different pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, with IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) being the most widely studied ( Pedersen et al, 1998 ; Pedersen, 2000 ). In particular, concentrations of IL-1β have been observed to increase during post-match ( Ispirlidis et al, 2008 ; Mohr et al, 2016 ; Jatene et al, 2019 ) and throughout the competitive season ( Nobari et al, 2021 ) in elite football players, yet studies are scarce and inconsistent changes in circulating values have been reported ( Andersson et al, 2010a ; Hacker et al, 2021 ). In the same vein, TNF-α is another pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is speculated to play a role in muscle regeneration ( Yang and Hu, 2018 ), and whose serum levels have been documented to peak immediately after a football match, with postgame concentrations being ≈100%–200% higher when compared to pre-game values ( Souglis et al, 2015a ; Koziol et al, 2020 ).…”

Specific features of blood parameters in volleyball players and wrestlers in preparatory period of training cycle

“…Маркерами пошкодження м'язів можуть виступати креатинкіназа, креатинін, лактатдегідрогеназа, міоглобін, тропонін, аспартатамінотрансфераза [4,6,19]. Тому вивчення сучасних лабораторних маркерів структурно-функціонального порушення м'язової тканини у спортсменів, які відображають енергетичний обмін, ураження паравертебральних м'язів [8], або, навпаки, є показником працездатності організму та функціональної активності м'язів [14,18,24] має незаперечливе практичне значення для сучасної спортивної медицини.…”

Acute response of biomarkers in plasma from capillary blood after a strenuous endurance exercise bout

“…First of all, we and other scientists were able to identify several markers in human serum which demonstrated a certain suitability and reliability as biomarkers for exercise response and stress-recovery cycles. These markers include cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-)1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), chemokines, such as CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2), matrix metallopeptidase (MMP), such as MMP-9, matrix and membrane proteins, such as secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and Cluster of differentiation (CD163), Ca 2+ -binding proteins, such as S100A8, S100A9, and S100B, growth factors, such as Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Nieman et al 2018 ; Reichel et al 2020 ; Hacker et al 2021 ). Concerning possible concentration differences between serum and plasma a closer examination using Bland–Altman analyses revealed that for some cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 the agreement was moderately good between both media (Parkitny et al 2013 ).…”