Recovery of value‐added glycopeptides from edible bird's nest (EBN) co‐products: enzymatic hydrolysis, physicochemical characteristics and bioactivity

Abstract

BACKGROUND Processing of edible bird's nest (EBN) requires extensive washing to remove impurities and produces huge amounts of EBN co‐products, which contain mainly feathers with glycoproteins attached, which are usually discarded. This study was conducted to recover the valuable EBN glycoproteins from the waste material. Enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to recover EBN glycopeptides from EBN co‐products (EBNcoP) and processed cleaned EBN (EBNclean) was used as control, which were then freeze‐dried into EBN hydrolysates (EBNhcoP and EBNhclean, respectively). RESULTS The recovery yield for EBNhclean and EBNhcoP were 89.09 ± 0.01% and 47.64 ± 0.26%, respectively, indicating nearly 50% of glycopeptide can be recovered from the waste material. Meanwhile, N‐acetylneuraminic acid, a major acid sugar in EBN glycoproteins, of EBNhcoP increased by 229% from 58.6 ± 3.9 to 192.9 ± 3.1 g kg−1, indicating the enzymatic hydrolysis removed impurities and thus enhanced the N‐acetylneuraminic acid content. Total soluble protein was more than 330 g kg−1 for all the samples. Colour parameter showed that hydrolysate samples have greater L* (lightness) values. Chroma result indicates the intensity of all the samples were low (< 11). Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum displayed that the EBNhcoP exhibited similar functional groups with EBNhclean, indicating that the EBNcoP has similar functionality as EBNclean. Significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities were reported in EBNhcoP after the enzymatic reaction. CONCLUSION EBNhcoP were successfully recovered from low value EBNcoP with enhanced antioxidant activities. The findings of this work are beneficial for the EBN industry to reduce wastage and enhance economic values of EBN co‐products, both economically and nutritionally. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Edible Bird’s Nest: Recent Updates and Industry Insights Based On Laboratory Findings

“…After the extraction process, the suspensions are centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatants are thoroughly dialysed against distilled water (Hun et al, 2016). For enzymatic treatment, enzymes such as pancreatin, alcalase (Khushairay et al, 2014), protease from Bacillus licheniformis (Ling et al, 2020), and neuraminidase from C. perfringens (Guo et al, 2006) is used. In continuation of the heating, the enzyme is usually added to the EBN mixture at a warm temperature between 38°C-60°C, at pH 8.5-9.0 to facilitate partial protein denaturation.…”

“…Proteins: 61.5 ± 0.6 g/ 100 g, Calcium: 553.1 ± 19.5 mg/100 g, Sodium: 187.9 ± 10.4 mg/100 g, Magnesium: 92.9 ± 2.0 mg/100 g, Potassium: 6.3 ± 0.4 mg/100 g Sialic acids: 0.7-1.5% -- USD kg −1 and unprocessed EBN was 1200-1500 USD kg −1 in 2017, and this value is expected to increase in the future. The salvation step should be included in enzymatic extraction procedure to prevent economical and nutritional value loss (Ling et al, 2020 Several studies demonstrated plausible authentication methods could be translated into industrial settings, but cost-effectiveness and equipment availability required further analysis and comparison. Numerous in vivo animal studies showed promising health-improving functions of EBN with discoveries of bioactive compounds.…”

The Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Edible Bird’s Nest in Influenza and Coronavirus Infections: From Pre-Clinical to Potential Clinical Application

“…The powder samples were kept in airtight container. Ling et al (2020) Commercial EBN products from Mobile Harvester (M) Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia…”

“…Most of the studies investigating the potential medicinal values of EBN used water extract (Haghani et al, 2016;Haghani et al, 2017), as bioactive compounds in EBN are water-soluble. Water extraction of EBN results in a mixture of glycopeptides (Guo et al, 2006;Yagi et al, 2008;Ling et al, 2020;Hui Yan et al, 2021) which should be isolated or purified through a binding affinity technique utilizing specifically targeted ligands anchored to the FIGURE 2 | In severely ill influenza patients, immune cells release various cytokines and chemokines leading to acute lung injury, or also known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to apoptosis. In severely ill COVID-19 patients, various immune cells release a myriad of chemokines and cytokines causing apoptosis, leading to ARDS and spillover of cytokines and chemokines into the blood circulation causing multi-organ failure.…”

Using RSM for Optimum of Optimum Production of Peptides from Edible Bird’s Nest By-Product and Characterization of Its Antioxidant’s Properties

“…EBN produces a great deal of EBN by-products during the processing, which is difficult to be effectively utilized or discarded, resulting in a certain amount of waste [ 22 ]. Studies have shown that there is no significant difference in the nutritional composition of EBN by-products and EBN.…”