“…Listeners who know tonal style in general seem to hear the goal notes of the tonic, mediant, and dominant as more stable than the nongoal notes of the supertonic, submediant, and leading tone. Much recent work attests to the cognitive reality of this phenomenon (Castellano, Bharucha, &c Krumhansl, 1984;Krumhansl, 1979Krumhansl, , 1983, although disputes continue over how scale-step recognition is established and the extent to which such recognition pervades the perception of a given musical composition (Butler, 1989(Butler, , 1990Cuddy & Badertscher, 1987;Krumhansl, 1990). Howsoever these disagreements are eventually resolved, the listener's sense of scale step is purely learned.…”