“…Studies indicate that upper-extremity weakness, spasticity, and abnormal motor synergies are insufficient to explain the impairment in reaching movements after stroke (Roby-Brami et al, 1997;Twitchell, 1959;Wing et al, 1990), and suggest that additional higher-order control deficits may be present (Beer et al, 1999). Impairments in execution of precision grasp after damage to the primary motor cortex or corticospinal tract have been extensively described in non-human and human primates (Aruin, 2005;Denny-Brown, 1966;Duque et al, 2003;Golge et al, 2004;Grichting et al, 2000;Hepp-Reymond, 1988;Hepp-Reymond and Wiesendanger, 1972;Hermsdörfer et al, 2003;Hermsdörfer and Mai, 1996;Lawrence and Kuypers, 1968;Muir and Lemon, 1983;Porter and Lemon, 1993;Quaney et al, 2005;Wenzelburger et al, 2005). However, it has not been established whether higher-order abnormalities in precision grasp are present after stroke, comparable to those found in reaching (Beer et al, 1999;Takahashi and Reinkensmeyer, 2003).…”