Recovery of squalene from vegetable oil sources using countercurrent supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The effect of consecutive steps of refining on squalene content of vegetable oils

“…It was reported that the decreasing risk for various cancers and reducing serum cholesterol levels has been ascribed to the squalene in vegetable oils (He et al 2003). Several studies have been carried out to obtain squalene hydrocarbon from vegetable sources or marine animals by using different methodologies (Vazquez et al 2007). Squalene has been sold in the markets as capsules for the beneficial effect on human health recently.…”

An improved RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analyses of squalene and cholesterol especially in aquatic foods

“…It is synthesized in liver and skin, further then transported in the blood (Reddy and Couvreur 2009). Sixty percent of dietary squalene is absorbed and distributed in human tissue (Vazquez et al 2007). Squalene is used in clinical and daily usage as detoxification factor, skin and eye antioxidant, provide cells with oxygen as it has the ability to carry oxygen independent of hemoglobin, bactericidal and fungicidal agent, antistatic and emollient in pharmaceutical and cosmetics, fine chemical, magnetic tape and also as low temperature lubricants (Bhattacharjee and Singhal 2003).…”

“…The name squalene was given because of its occurrence in shark liver oil (Squalus spp. ), which is the richest and primary source of squalene (Vazquez et al 2007). However, the limitation of squalene usage is because of the uncertainty of its availability as a result of international concern to protect marine animals (Bondioli et al 1993).…”

High Pressure Phase Equilibrium Engineering

“…• Extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and esters (like DHA and EPA) from fish oils (Riha and Brunner 2000;Catchpole et al 2000) • Extraction of squalene, carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phospholipids from vegetal edible oils (Catchpole et al 2000;Vázquez et al 2007;Fornari et al 2008) • Deterpenation of citrus peel oils (Reverchon et al 1997;Díaz et al 2005) • Concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes and other bioactive components from essential oils (Köse et al 2000;Varona et al 2008;Gañán and Brignole 2011) Ferreira et al (1999), Perakis et al (2005) Chamomile Sesquiterpenoid lactones Kotnik et al (2007) Green tea Catechins, polyphenols Chang et al (2000) Lavender Essential oil Reverchon et al (1995a) Origanum Essential oil, carvacrol, thymol Simándi et al (1999), Fornari et al (2012) Peppermint Essential oil Roy et al (1996) Daghero et al (1999) Thyme Essential oil, thymol Fornari et al (2012), García-Risco et al (2011) • Removal of hexane and other organic contaminants from edible oils (Espinosa et al 2000) • Fractionation of oleoresins (Visentín et al 2012;Fernández-Ronco et al 2011) The possibility of drastically modifying solubility conditions in a supercritical fluid by changing its density has been the base for many applications in precipitation, micronization, encapsulation and impregnation processes, which have been extensively reviewed by several authors (Subra and Jestin 1999;Weidner 2009;Cocero et al 2009). …”