Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment

Li, Li; Dunn, Jennifer B.; Zhang, Xiao; Gaines, Linda; Chen, Ren Jie; Wu, Feng; Amine, Khalil

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.089

Cited by 415 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The subcritical co-treatment process has essentially the same lithium battery dismantling process and metal recovery efficiency as the hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. In comparison, hydrometallurgy requires the use of an acid source, such as strong acids (HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and HCl) or inorganic acids [9,10,31]. In addition, in order to accelerate the leaching of Co 3+ from LiCoO 2 , hydrometallurgy requires the addition of a reductant (e.g.…”

Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in order to accelerate the leaching of Co 3+ from LiCoO 2 , hydrometallurgy requires the addition of a reductant (e.g. H 2 O 2 ) to convert Co 3+ to Co 2+ [9,10,32]. Moreover, the pyrometallurgy equipment is highly expensive, with reaction temperatures generally above 700-1000 • C, resulting in a large consumption of energy [6,33].…”

Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, acids used during the hydrometallurgical process pose serious threats to human health and to the environment. Organic acids provide a possible environmentally friendly alternative for the recovery of Co and Li from spent LIBs [9][10][11]. These mild reactants give satisfactory results, but consume large quantities of chemical reagents, thus increasing recycling cost [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

105

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h i g h l i g h t s• A co-treatment process for recovery of Co and Li and simultaneous detoxification of PVC in subcritical water was proposed.• PVC was used as a hydrochloric acid source.• More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were leached under the optimum conditions.• Neither corrosive acid nor reducing agent was used.• The co-treatment process has technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional recovery processes. a r t i c l e i n f o In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350• C, PVC/LiCoO 2 ratio 3:1, time 30 min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350• C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO 2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.

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Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

105

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“…Figure 10 depicts one such process, which is under development (Li et al 2012) and has been applied to spent laptop batteries with LiCoO 2 cathode chemistry. We applied it to spent vehicle batteries with LiMn 2 O 4 cathodes and assumed that the same cobalt and lithium recovery rates are achieved for vehicle and laptop battery cells under the same conditions.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgical Recycling Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We adopted the average electricity consumption of the processes in Figure 12: 0.08 mmBtu electricity/ton. The subsequent leaching step involves reduction of the cobalt metal to a more soluble divalent form by hydrogen peroxide then subsequent chelation of the cobalt and lithium metals with the organic acid (Li et al 2012). The lithium is already in a soluble, monovalent form and we assume that manganese would behave similarly to cobalt if the cathode material were LiMn 2 O 4 .…”

Section: Figure 11 Purchased Energy Intensity Of Hydrometallurgical Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material and Energy Flows in the Materials Production, Assembly, and End-of-Life Stages of the Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle

Dunn

Gaines

Barnes

et al. 2014

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Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Hanisch

Diekmann

Stieger

et al. 2015

Handbook of Clean Energy Systems

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The use of lithium‐ion batteries ( LIB s) has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need for LIB will rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel, and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper, and aluminum from spent battery cells but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this article approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficient LIB recycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations are Deactivation/discharging of the battery Disassembly of battery systems (specifically for EV‐battery systems ) Mechanical processes (including inert crushing, sorting, and sieving processes and a special case: thermomechanical separation) Hydrometallurgical processes Pyrometallurgical processes Specific dangers are associated with LIB recycling processes: electrical dangers, chemical dangers, burning reactions, and potential interactions of the single dangers. Furthermore, industrial process chains, already in use, as well as research approaches are summarized. The processes of the companies Retriev Technologies , Recupyl , Batrec , Inmetco , Xstrata , Umicore , Accurec , AEA Technology , OnTo T echnology, and Lion Engineering are discussed and illustrated briefly. A closer look is given to some results of the research project LithoRec .

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Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment

Cited by 415 publications

References 27 publications

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Material and Energy Flows in the Materials Production, Assembly, and End-of-Life Stages of the Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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