Recovery of metals and valuable chemicals from waste electric and electronic materials: a critical review of existing technologies

Gulliani, Sahil; Volpe, Maurizio; Messineo, Antonio; Volpe, Roberto

doi:10.1039/d3su00034f

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(295 reference statements)

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“…Although still limited, it is already industrially exploited and is expected to grow rapidly thanks to this particularly appealing factor. The main drawback of such an approach is the creation of large amounts of wastewater due to the limited solubility of the relevant metals in water-based solutions [105]. Solvometallurgy represents, in this sense, a possible and appealing alternative as it allows for low-temperature operation (80-250 • typically), complete dissolution of the cathode materials, and high yields of recovery of different elemental species.…”

Section: Solvometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

Zanoletti,

Carena,

Ferrara

et al. 2024

Batteries

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development of LIBs has led to increased production efficiency and lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in a growing demand for batteries and their application across various industries, particularly in different types of vehicles. In order to meet the demand for LIBs while minimizing climate-impacting emissions, the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of LIBs is a critical step toward achieving a sustainable battery economy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding for pilot projects, and a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling. Additionally, this paper emphasizes the challenges associated with developing LIB recycling and the opportunities arising from these challenges, such as the potential for innovation and the creation of a more sustainable and circular economy. The environmental implications of LIB recycling are also evaluated with methodologies able to provide a sustainability analysis of the selected technology. This paper aims to enhance the comprehension of these trade-offs and encourage discussion on determining the “best” recycling route when targets are in conflict.

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Section: Solvometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

Zanoletti,

Carena,

Ferrara

et al. 2024

Batteries

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“…The standard kinetic equations for the shrinking core model are as follows [19]: Film diffusion control of constant size particles XB = kc.t…”

Section: Scientific Validation Of Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of recovering precious metals, such as gold and silver, is significantly enhanced when there is a preliminary removal of base metals. The literature reports numerous hydrometallurgical processes that are employed for recycling of waste PCBs to recover metals using range of chemical reagents in the processes for the recovery of metals [10,18,19]. However, the economic viability of the process is compromised due to the need for numerous supplementary stages involving multiple chemical reagents, including unreacted acid, neutralizing agents, and metal salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Process to Recover Metals from Waste PCBs Using Physical Pre-treatment and Hydrometallurgical Techniques

Kumari,

Panda,

Prasad

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are essential to most electronic devices. Digitalization and upgradation of gadget generates lots of PCB-containing electronic waste. Conserving resources and protecting the environment requires recycling such e-waste. The present paper is focused on the recovery of metals from PCBs by physical pretreatment and hydrometallurgical processes. Initially, the waste PCBs were pre-treated to separate metallic and non-metallic fractions. The metallic concentrate was leached using nitric acid (strong oxidative agent) for dissolution of metals. The system was fully jacketed with scrubber and condenser so that no emission of toxic gases to the environment. The process parameters viz. effect of acid concentration, pulp density, temperature, time, etc. were optimized and the obtained data were scientifically validated. Kinetics leaching fitted well with the Shrinking core model, XB = kc.t for Cu, (1-(1-XB)1/2) for Ni and 1-3(1-XB)2/3 + 2(1-XB) for Pb. The optimized conditions derived from these studies will be useful for recovery of metals from waste PCBs, and tin left in the residue could be further treated for the purpose of safe disposal or the utilization in an environmentally friendly manner. The developed process provides environmental benefits and has potential to be commercialized after scale-up studies.

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“…The precious metals from WEEE are extracted using the techniques of pyrometallurgy, chemical leaching and latest techniques such as bio-metallurgy, super critical extraction technology. Research is ongoing on extraction of precious metals from WEEE in developed countries [74,75]. The hazardous pollutants include heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Ni), PFAS, plastic polymers, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and dioxins.…”

Section: E-waste and Waste Electrical And Electronic Equipment (Weee)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Occurrence and Remediation

Prasad,

Elchuri

2023

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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Certain contaminants are termed as emerging (Contaminants of Emerging Concern, CEC) since all aspects of these pollutants are not known and their regulation is not ununiform across the nations. The CECs include many classes of compounds that are used in various industries, plant protection chemicals, personal care products and medicines. They accumulate in waterbodies, soils, organisms including humans. They cause deleterious effects on plant animal and human health. Therefore, alternative greener synthesis of these chemicals, sustainable economic methods of waste disposal, scaling up and circular methods using sludge for removing the contaminants are innovative methods that are pursued. There are several improvements in chemical waste treatments using electro-oxidation coupled with solar energy, high performing recycled granular activated charcoal derived from biomass are few advances in the field. Similarly, use of enzymes from microbes for waste removals is a widely used technique for bioremediation. The organisms are genetically engineered to remove hazardous chemicals, dyes, and metals. Novel technologies for mining economically the precious and rare earth elements from e-waste can improve circular economy. However, there is additional need for participation of various nations in working towards greener Earth. There should be pollution awareness in local communities that can work along with Government legislations.

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Recovery of metals and valuable chemicals from waste electric and electronic materials: a critical review of existing technologies

Abstract: The growing development of technology has increased the amount of waste generated by electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) every year. WEEE contain valuable metals, and hazardous materials which, if not...

Cited by 20 publications

References 170 publications

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

Sustainable Process to Recover Metals from Waste PCBs Using Physical Pre-treatment and Hydrometallurgical Techniques

Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Occurrence and Remediation

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