Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using organic acids as leaching reagents: A review

Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh; Faraji, Fariborz; Rashchi, Fereshteh

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.024

Cited by 321 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 205 publications

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“…The rapid increase in the production of LIBs puts pressure on the environment and natural resources, particularly Li and Co ones. In fact, 35% and 25% of the global Li and Co production, respectively, are used for manufacturing LIBs [9]. Recycling LIBs lessens the demand for raw material, as reported by Gaines et al, and thus could render LIB manufacturing more sustainable [10].…”

Section: Recycling As Sustainable Solution For Lib Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, such advantages may be argued depending on flowsheet complexity, reagent schemes, effluent toxicity, and water consumption. Several review papers have described hydrometallurgical recycling processes [4,6,9,11,17,40,42,52,67,[113][114][115]. Most of these review papers covered only the recycling of transition metal oxide LIBs and rarely mentioned the recycling of LFP batteries except for the review published by Wang et al, which only described process related to LFP recycling [116].…”

Section: Hydrometallurgical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, recycling generates secondary toxic gaseous emissions and solid waste residue and may also release contaminants to water effluents. All these potential pollution sources have to be properly managed [9]. Moreover, most current pyrometallurgical processes do not recover Li, which is a critical resource that requires sustainable exploitation [4,[10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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Section: Recycling As Sustainable Solution For Lib Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Hydrometallurgical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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“…[1][2][3][4] The rising demand for EV and the low accessibility to raw materials are threatening the LIBs production and urge the instant necessity of recycling to employ the valuable materials. [1,2,[16][17][18]20,22,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] In this review, we discuss first time in detail about the reutilization of spent LIBs materials/recovered materials in various fields including LIB, supercapacitors, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), adsorption, photocatalytic studies, etc. [27,28] In chemical process, researchers mostly prefer hydrometallurgical route for the recycling of spent LIBs attributable to the great advantages such as low energy conditions, minimization of waste water, and higher percentage recovery of metals with high purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Natarajan

Aravindan

2018

Advanced Energy Materials

216

126

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Where sustainability is concerned, recycling of reutilizable wastes will always occupy the apex of the green chemistry research. Handling electronic wastes in a green manner without affecting the ecology and human health is one of the main challenges for material chemists and gains top priority among other fields of research. At present, handling and recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a key priority. Due to these environmental concerns, massive interest has been triggered in various crystal structures of metal oxides, and different kinds of carbon materials that provide the opportunities to replace the commercial LIBs for energy storage and conversion applications in a cost‐effective manner. Reports are available on the recycling of spent LIBs, but these reports mainly focus on the metal recovery process rather than finding suitable applications for the recovered material. This present work exclusively summarizes the global demand for LIB raw materials, tactics in the resynthesis process along with the wide range of growing applications of spent LIB materials. Finally, the future prospects of applications that utilize spent LIB materials are addressed.

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“…104 GWh (with 8 years first life and 5 years second life for 70% of batteries), corresponding to ca. 7.5 kt Li and 12 kt Co. 3,4 Spent LIBs can be treated as valuable secondary sources of metals because of their large amounts of Li, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Al, and Fe, 5,6 which are present in higher concentration than in natural primary ores. 7 Typically, a spent Li-ion battery contains 5-20 wt.% Co, 5-7 wt.% Li, 5-7 wt.% Ni, 15 wt.% organics, and 7 wt.% plastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfation Roasting Mechanism for Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Metal Oxides Under SO2-O2-Ar Atmosphere

Shi

Peng

Chen

et al. 2019

JOM

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Sulfation roasting followed by water leaching has been proposed as an alternative route for recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In the present work, the reaction mechanism of the sulfation roasting of synthetic LiCoO 2 was investigated by both thermodynamic calculations and roasting experiments under flowing 10% SO 2 -1% O 2 -89% Ar gas atmosphere at 700°C. The products and microstructural evolution processes were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was confirmed that Co 3 O 4 was formed as an intermedia product, and the final roasted products were composed by Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 Co(SO 4 ) 2 , and CoO. The leaching results indicated that 99.5% Li and 17.4% Co could be recovered into water after 120 min of roasting. The present results will provide the basis and solid guidelines for recycling of Li and Co from spent LIBs.

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Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using organic acids as leaching reagents: A review

Cited by 321 publications

References 205 publications

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Sulfation Roasting Mechanism for Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Metal Oxides Under SO2-O2-Ar Atmosphere

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