Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

Jha, Manis Kumar; Kumari, Aarti; Jha, Amrita Kumari; Kumar, Vinay; Hait, Jhumki; Pandey, B.D.

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.008

Cited by 332 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…6,8,11,12 Em contrapartida ao consumo crescente, grandes quantidades de resíduos de EEE vêm sendo produzidas devido à obsolescência (perceptiva e programada). Segundo a GSMA (Group Managed Service Accounts) da UNU (United Nations University), 13 aproximadamente 189 mil t de telefones celulares foram descartados em todo o mundo em 2014, dos quais cerca de 17 mil t na América Latina.…”

Section: 10unclassified

“…[3][4][5][6] Suas características o colocam na dianteira do desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos e elétricos. [6][7][8] Essas baterias apresentam em sua composição um ânodo, um cátodo, coletores de corrente, um separador, um eletrólito, um invó-lucro externo e peças de vedação. O ânodo é composto de grafite, lítio, carbono e fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF), que fixa os demais componentes ao coletor de corrente, que é uma lâmina de cobre; o eletrólito é tipicamente hexafluorfosfato de lítio (LiPF 6 ) em solvente orgânico, normalmente carbonato de etileno (CE), carbonato de dietila (DEC), carbonato de dimetila (DMC) ou misturas deles.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Lixiviação Ácida De Baterias Íon-Lítio

Silva¹,

Afonso²,

Mahler³

2018

Quim. Nova

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publicado na web em 22/02/2018 ACIDIC LEACHING OF Li-ION BATTERIES. This paper describes a route for recovering cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries via acidic leaching. Sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and formic acids were used as leachants. Hydrogen peroxide was added as reductant, except for formic acid since it is itself a reductant. Experiments were run at [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] o C for 1-3 h. Under the best optimal conditions, the leaching efficiency order was HCl ≈ HF > H 2 SO 4 > HCOOH. Over 90 wt.% of cobalt and lithium were leached by the inorganic acids. The insoluble matter corresponds mainly to the carbon from the cathode. Co(II) was extracted with D2EHPA 16 vol.% diluted in n-hexane at pH ~5 (A/O ratio 1/1 vol/vol, one stage, 25 °C). Co(II) striping was possible using a dilute leachant (1-2 mol L -1 HCl or H 2 SO 4 , 4-5 mol L -1 HF or HCOOH). Lithium was isolated from the raffinate by precipitation as carbonate or phosphate.Keywords: lithium-ion battery; metals recovery; solvent extraction; cobalt; lithium. INTRODUÇÃOAs baterias de íon-lítio por apresentarem uma elevada densidade de energia, vida útil longa, massa reduzida, taxa de descarga baixa e menor toxicidade em relação a outros tipos de baterias (níquel-cád-mio, níquel hidreto metálico), são hoje muito utilizadas em telefones celulares, câmeras fotográficas e outros equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (EEE) portáteis.1,2 O desenvolvimento de novas versões tecnológicas desses equipamentos e a maior facilidade de acesso dos mesmos a mais camadas da população levam a uma inevitável elevação da produção e do consumo de EEE e, consequentemente, de suas baterias. Mais de 60% do mercado da energia potátil é hoje preenchido por baterias de íon-lítio.3-6 Suas características o colocam na dianteira do desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos e elétricos. [6][7][8] Essas baterias apresentam em sua composição um ânodo, um cátodo, coletores de corrente, um separador, um eletrólito, um invó-lucro externo e peças de vedação. O ânodo é composto de grafite, lítio, carbono e fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF), que fixa os demais componentes ao coletor de corrente, que é uma lâmina de cobre; o eletrólito é tipicamente hexafluorfosfato de lítio (LiPF 6 ) em solvente orgânico, normalmente carbonato de etileno (CE), carbonato de dietila (DEC), carbonato de dimetila (DMC) ou misturas deles. O separador é feito de polipropileno (PP) ou polietileno (PE). O cátodo é feito de carbono (grafita), um óxido misto contendo lítio e cobalto (como o LiCoO 2 , que detém ~40% do mercado 6 ) e PVDF, que fixa os componentes ao coletor de corrente do cátodo, que é uma lâmina de alumínio. Hoje, cerca de 25% do cobalto produzido no mundo se destina à manufatura de baterias.8 A expansão do mercado de EEE portáteis pressiona o preço desse metal nos mercados internacionais. 9,10Além disso, devido a problemas relacionados à disponibilidade de cobalto (as principais fontes primárias se localizam em regiões de forte instabilidade geopolítica...

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Section: 10unclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Lixiviação Ácida De Baterias Íon-Lítio

Silva¹,

Afonso²,

Mahler³

2018

Quim. Nova

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“…c o m / l o c a t e / w a s m a n et al., 2008;Sun and Qiu, 2011) and the separation of Co and Li (Joulié et al, 2014;Provazi et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2009). Among these studies, leaching of Co and Li from LiCoO 2 powder using hydrometallurgical techniques had attracted wide attention, besides inorganic acids Jha et al, 2013), organic oxalate (Sun and Qiu, 2012), organic citric acid (Li et al, 2010a), succinic acid , oxalic acid (Zeng et al, 2015), tartaric acid and ascorbic acid (Nayaka et al, 2016) were used as leaching agents with satisfactory achievements. However, these acids could inevitably cause corrosion and liquor waste.…”

Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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a b s t r a c tIn the current study, an environmental benign process namely mechanochemical approach was developed for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The main merit of the process was that neither corrosive acid nor strong oxidant was applied. In the proposed process, lithium cobalt oxide (obtained from spent LIBs) was firstly co-grinded with various additives in a hermetic ball milling system, then Co and Li could be easily recovered by a water leaching procedure. It was found that EDTA was the most suitable co-grinding reagent, and 98% of Co and 99% of Li were respectively recovered under optimum conditions: LiCoO 2 to EDTA mass ratio 1:4, milling time 4 h, rotary speed 600 r/min and ball-to-powder mass ratio 80:1, respectively. Mechanisms study implied that lone pair electrons provided by two nitrogen atoms and four hydroxyl oxygen atoms of EDTA could enter the empty orbit of Co and Li by solid-solid reaction, thus forming stable and water-soluble metal chelates Li-EDTA and Co-EDTA. Moreover, the separation of Co and Li could be achieved through a chemical precipitation approach. This study provides a high efficiency and environmentally friendly process for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs.

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“…A mixture of chelating agent (NH 4 OH), NaOH solution, and aqueous solutions of transition metal salts was pumped into a continuously stirred tank reactor. The resultant precursor slurry was filtered and washed multiple times, and then dried in an oven at 80 Metals 2017, 7, 395 2 of 11 [14][15][16][17]. Most metal species are expected to dissolve with acidic leaching reagents.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Above all, the hydrometallurgical process is the most well-established technology for recycling valuable metals from LIBs and has many benefits, such as the complete recovery of metals with high purity, low energy consumption, and low gas emission [11][12][13]. Metal species of spent LIBs are typically leached by HCl, HNO 3 , or H 2 SO 4 , with hydrogen peroxide used as a reducing agent in many cases [14][15][16][17]. Most metal species are expected to dissolve with acidic leaching reagents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

Kang

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2017

Metals

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LiNi x Co y Mn z (NCM), one of the most promising candidates for high-capacity cathode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), is synthesized with various amounts of Sn. Sn-incorporated NCM from the resynthesis of NMC in leach liquor containing Sn from spent LIBs is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle strength tests, and electrochemical tests. Sn-incorporated NCM has a globular form, and the uniform distribution of Sn inside cathode materials is confirmed. As Sn is introduced, the (003) diffraction peak tends to shift to a smaller angle and particle breaking strength increases. It is found that Sn-incorporated cathode active materials have better cycle performance and rate capability than pristine cathode active material although the discharge capacity slightly decreases. Because there is a trade-off between decreased discharge capacity and improved cycling and rate performance, the incorporation of Sn in resynthesized NCM should be carefully designed and conducted.

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Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

Cited by 332 publications

References 16 publications

Lixiviação Ácida De Baterias Íon-Lítio

Lixiviação Ácida De Baterias Íon-Lítio

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

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