Recovery of Late-season 15N-labeled Fertilizer Applied to Pecan

Kraimer, Rebecca A.; Lindemann, W. C.; Herrera, Esteban A.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.39.2.256

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Yield was unaffected by treatment during the study (Table 6). Nitrogen depletion by large crops has been proposed to contribute to pecan alternate bearing (Goff et al, 2001;Kraimer et al, 2004;Wood, 2001). In this study, nitrogen was supplied throughout the growing season in excess, but alternate bearing was apparent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Pecan Kernel Necrosis

Smith¹,

Cheary²,

Carroll³

2007

horts

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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] kernels (cotyledon) of ‘Pawnee’ displayed a consistent malady not described previously that was designated as “kernel necrosis.” The most severe form of the problem was blackened, necrotic tissue engulfing the basal one-half to one-third of the kernel. The mildest form was darkened tissue in the dorsal grove at the basal end of the kernel. The problem was first observable during the gel stage of kernel development. No symptoms of kernel necrosis were visible on the shuck (involucre). Kernel necrosis was more prominent on ‘Pawnee’, ‘Choctaw’, and ‘Oklahoma’ than other cultivars observed. At maturity, nuts with kernel necrosis had a larger volume than nuts with normal kernels. There were few differences in elemental concentrations of normal kernels from a severely affected orchard and an orchard with little kernel necrosis, and none of the differences appeared to be associated with this disorder. ‘Pawnee’ kernels with necrosis had more phosphorus, zinc, and manganese than normal kernels. Basal segments of necrotic kernels had more boron and acetic acid-extractable and water-soluble calcium than distal segments or normal kernels. Higher elemental concentrations in basal segments of necrotic kernels did not appear sufficient to cause tissue damage. Soil from the orchard with severe kernel necrosis had unusually high concentrations of nitrate, expressed as nitrogen (NO3-N), in the soil profile. Groundwater used for irrigation was contaminated with 34 mg·L−1 NO3-N. An experiment on ‘Pawnee’ evaluated three nitrogen (N) rates, 0, 0.8 g·cm2 cross-sectional trunk area applied in March, and 1.6 g + 1.6 g + 1.2 g·cm2 cross-sectional trunk area N applied during the second week in March, first week in June, and first week in September, respectively, on the incidence of kernel necrosis, leaf N concentration, soil NO3 concentration, yield, nut quality, and growth over 5 years. Leaf N was affected by treatment only once during the study. Nitrates accumulated in the soil, increasing 24% in 3 years when no supplemental N was applied, except in the contaminated irrigation water. Kernel necrosis was either unaffected by N treatment or during 1 year, kernel necrosis was highest without supplemental N application. Tree yield, kernel quality, and growth were unaffected by N treatment. Yield fluctuations among years were apparent demonstrating that an abundant N supply did not prevent alternate bearing. Kernel necrosis was a severe problem in one orchard and was identified in several orchards at low frequencies. The cause of kernel necrosis remains unknown.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Pecan Kernel Necrosis

Smith¹,

Cheary²,

Carroll³

2007

horts

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“…Scientists have also speculated that the amount of stored N might be closely associated with alternate bearing (Goff et al, 2001;Kraimer et al, 2004;Wood, 2001a), although studies on pecan have shown little response or a negative response to fall applied N (Acuña- Maldonado et al, 2003;Smith et al, 2004). Because K plays a critical role in carbohydrate and N transport, we also monitored root concentrations to determine if K was associated with crop thinning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acuña-Maldonado et al (2003) reported the greatest N absorption between budbreak and the end of shoot expansion, with little absorption between the end of leaf expansion and leaf fall. Kraimer et al (2004) later reported that N applied during the kernel filling stage was strongly absorbed. The newly absorbed N replenished endogenous N reserves and might moderate pecan alternate bearing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Cluster Thinning on Return Bloom, Nut Quality, and Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Non-structural Carbohydrates

Rohla¹,

Smith²,

Maness³

2007

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Alternate bearing pecan trees [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] were hand-thinned annually to 1, ≤2, or ≤3 fruit/cluster or not thinned when the ovule was about one-half expanded. Return bloom was monitored on (1) vegetative shoots, (2) bearing shoots without a second growth flush in the terminal position on 1-year-old branches, (3) bearing shoots without a second growth flush in the lateral position on 1-year-old branches, and (4) bearing shoots with a second growth flush that were primarily in the terminal position. Yield and nut quality were determined in addition to nonstructural carbohydrate, organically bound nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) concentrations in the roots and shoots during January. Fruit thinning improved return bloom but had little effect on weight/nut, kernel percent, or kernel grade. Fruit thinning had either a modest or no effect on nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K concentrations. Vegetative shoots and bearing terminal shoots produced a similar number of flowers/1-year-old branch and percentage of flowering current-season shoots. Bearing lateral shoots produced fewer flowers than vegetative shoots most years and fewer flowering current-season shoots during one year. Shoots with a second growth flush produced more flowers/1-year-old branch and a larger percentage of flowering current-season shoots than did vegetative shoots 2 of 3 years. These data indicate fruit thinning of overloaded trees improved return bloom, but the lack of interactions between thinning treatment and shoot type suggests that the number of fruit/cluster was less important than total crop load in determining nut quality and return bloom. Thus removal of entire fruit clusters appears as effective as thinning fruit within a cluster to maintain adequate nut quality and promote return bloom. Nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K were not limiting factors in bearing consistency because they were not depressed in unthinned trees. Nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K concentrations were not closely linked to alternate bearing because return bloom was enhanced by thinning, but thinning did not affect their concentrations.

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“…For example, pecan, a perennial tree crop grown in southern New Mexico, is commonly fertilized with 250 lbs N per acre (281 kg/ha) per year (Herrera, 2003) and irrigated with 59 in. (150 cm) of water annually (Kraimer et al, 2004). The non‐N‐limiting pecan irrigation water would contain an average of 19 mg/L N. In this case, the effluent has a relatively low TKN concentration (three‐year running average of 11.3 mg/L).…”

Section: Las Cruces Project Provides Irrigation Scheduling Prototypementioning

confidence: 99%

An irrigation scheduling protocol for TREATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT in the Chihuahuan Desert

Ruiz¹,

Sammis²,

Picchioni³

et al. 2006

Journal AWWA

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As the population of southwestern New Mexico expands, land application of industrial and municipal wastewater is increasingly seen as a cost‐effective and environmentally safe water management technique. Yet virtually no management guidelines exist for scheduling land application of wastewater in semi‐arid climates of the United States. This article describes a web‐based methodology for scheduling wastewater irrigation in the Chihuahuan Desert. It also details how to input data that are specific to the region and climate into a spreadsheet program to schedule wastewater irrigation at rates that avoid adverse effects to the application site. A website helps utility managers outside of New Mexico use the methodology. An irrigation schedule created by this technique was tested over three years in Las Cruces, N.M. The land application was designed to maximize vegetative cover to increase the capacity of a site to serve as a sink for wastewater contaminants, minimize salt accumulation in the root zone, and avoid nitrate leaching into the groundwater. The step‐by‐step instructions provided here help utilities eliminate the guesswork of how much and when to apply water in a land application process.

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Recovery of Late-season 15N-labeled Fertilizer Applied to Pecan

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

The Occurrence of Pecan Kernel Necrosis

The Occurrence of Pecan Kernel Necrosis

Influence of Cluster Thinning on Return Bloom, Nut Quality, and Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Non-structural Carbohydrates

An irrigation scheduling protocol for TREATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT in the Chihuahuan Desert

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