Recovery of iron and rare earth elements from red mud through an acid leaching-stepwise extraction approach

Zhang, Xuekai; Zhou, Kanggen; Chen, Wei; Lei, Qingyuan; Huang, Ying; Peng, Changhong

doi:10.1007/s11771-019-4018-6

Cited by 55 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Zhang et al [91] suggested 30% methyltrioctylammonium chloride solution in octanol, which is known as Aliquat 336, for iron extraction in the form of anionic complex FeCl 4 − in a strongly acidic medium. Accompanying metals, namely Al, Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Na, Ti, Sc, Y, Nd, Ce, and La, fully remained in the raffinate, which was further treated for scandium extraction by 5 vol.…”

Section: Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about 600 million tons in Russia. The total global storage of red mud occupies large areas, leading to environmental damage and increasing environmental risks. Moreover, it contains a significant amount of sodium, which is easily soluble in subsoil water; therefore, a sustainable approach for comprehensive recycling of red mud is necessary. The bauxite residue contains valuable elements, such as aluminum, titanium, and scandium, which can be recovered using liquid media. In recent years, many methods of recovery of these elements from this waste have been proposed. This paper provides a critical review of hydrometallurgical, solvometallurgical, and complex methods for the recovery of valuable components from red mud, namely, aluminum, titanium, sodium, and rare and rare-earth elements. These methods include leaching using alkaline or acid solutions, ionic liquids, and biological organisms, in addition to red mud leaching solutions by extraction and sorption methods. Advantages and disadvantages of these processes in terms of their environmental impact are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The process of recovering rare earth elements typically consists of three important steps that begin with the solid waste or ores: (1) acid leaching (convert the solid to the ionic form), (2) solvent extraction step to extract and enrichment the concentration of target metal ions, and (3) purification of the produced solution using various metallurgical processes such as precipitation and then calcination. Figure 1 presents a schematic flow diagram of the major stages in the REE processing [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].…”

Section: Separation and Purification Of Rare Earth Elements Using Sxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zr, Ti, Th, Y, and Ln elements that are typically linked with scandium also impede the extraction of scandium to some extent. Previous research [ 16 , 42 , 55 , 56 , 57 ] focused on the extraction of Sc(III) using C272, C302, and C301, as well as the other compounds. In their findings, they observed that the scandium extraction efficiency using these three extractants is high at low acidities, with the metal selectivity in the following order: Zr(IV) > Sc(III) > Fe(III) > Lu(III).…”

Section: Separation and Purification Of Rare Earth Elements Using Sxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The recovery of scandium (Sc) from wastes and various resources using solvent extraction (SX) was discussed in detail. Moreover, the metallurgical extractive procedures for Sc recovery were presented. Acidic and neutral organophosphorus (OPCs) extractants are the most extensively used in industrial activities, considering that they provide the highest extraction efficiency of any of the valuable components. Due to the chemical and physical similarities of the rare earth metals, the separation and purification processes of Sc are difficult tasks. Sc has also been extracted from acidic solutions using carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone, among other solvents and chemicals. For improving the extraction efficiencies, the development of mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the SX of Sc has been carried out in recent years. Different operational parameters play an important role in the extraction process, such as the type of the aqueous phase and its acidity, the aqueous (A) to organic (O) and solid (S) to liquid (L) phase ratios, as well as the type of the diluents. Sc recovery is now implemented in industrial production using a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques, such as ore pre-treatment, leaching, SX, precipitation, and calcination. The hydrometallurgical methods (acid leaching and SX) were effective for Sc recovery. Furthermore, the OPCs bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) showed interesting potential taking into consideration some co-extracted metals such as Fe(III) and Ti(IV).

show abstract

“…In 2018, global storage of the RM reached 4.6 billion tons, , and damming disposal is still the main way to dispose of RM in the world. , RM exerts a substantial impact on environments by contaminating water and soil due to leakage of alkaline compounds, polluting the air with RM dust, and altering land occupation. − Many scholars have carried out extensive experimental investigations to find practical use for RM. For instance, RM has been suggested as a raw material for roadbed, , building, − adsorption material for environmental management such as wastewater treatment, , waste gas treatment, , and soil remediation, , and recovery of valuable metals, such as Fe, Al, Ti, Sc, and Y. ,− However, the strong alkalinity of RM restrains its application as the raw material of waste water treatment adsorbents, fillers, and building materials. The waste water treatment adsorbents prepared from RM without dealkalization may cause secondary pollution because of the dissolution of alkali.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Carbide Slag on Removal of Na⁺/K⁺ from Red Mud Based on Water Leaching

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Red mud (RM) is a hazardous solid waste discharged from the alumina production process. The stock of RM is very large, and it has strong alkalinity and certain radioactivity, which makes it have a very serious adverse effect on the environment. Many scholars have carried out extensive experimental investigations on the minimization, hazard-free treatment, and reutilization of RM, and encouraging results have been obtained. However, reutilization of RM has been restricted mainly due to its complex composition and strong alkalinity. In this study, carbide slag, a byproduct of acetylene production, was utilized to remove alkalis (Na+ and K+) from RM by calcium ion replacement. The effects of the temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, carbide slag dose, and leaching time on dealkalization of RM by carbide slag were studied. The leaching mechanism of sodium was investigated and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry. Under the optimal conditions, the residual Na2O and K2O amount in the RM after dealkalization using the carbide slag diminished to less than 0.93 and 0.45 wt %. More than 78.80% of Na2O and 58.84% of K2O could be dissolved under the optimal conditions. The cancrinite structure in the initial RM was destroyed, and soluble sodium salts formed in the suspension can be easily replaced by carbide slag reducing Na+. The dealkalization process of RM by using carbide slag was controlled by chemical reaction of shrinking core model, where the apparent activation energy was 4.92 kJ/mol.

show abstract

Recovery of iron and rare earth elements from red mud through an acid leaching-stepwise extraction approach

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Effect of Carbide Slag on Removal of Na⁺/K⁺ from Red Mud Based on Water Leaching

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Recovery of iron and rare earth elements from red mud through an acid leaching-stepwise extraction approach

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Effect of Carbide Slag on Removal of Na+/K+ from Red Mud Based on Water Leaching

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effect of Carbide Slag on Removal of Na⁺/K⁺ from Red Mud Based on Water Leaching