Recovery of gallium from waste light emitting diodes by oxalic acidic leaching

Zhou, Jielong; Zhu, Nengwu; Liu, Huangrui; Wu, Pingxiao; Zhang, Xiaoping; Zhong, Zuqi

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Copper Nickel Gallium ( Pourhossein and Mousavi, 2019 ) LED chips Gallium Indium Gold Silver ( Zhan et al, 2015 ) Parameter testing ( Zhou et al, 2019 )…”

Section: Pin Type Ledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different terms were used in different studies, but their differences are often unknown ( Table 2 ). For example, breakdown of the LED lamps was represented by granulation in Reuter and van Schaik (2015) , shredding in Rahman et al (2019) , crushing in Zhou et al (2019) , grinding in Zhan et al (2015) and ball milling in Zhou et al (2019) . Some studies have applied these steps sequentially.…”

Section: Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhan et al (2015) investigated the recovery potential of gallium (Ga), indium (In), and gold (Au) from waste LED chips through pyrolysis, physical segregation, and vacuum metallurgical separation (VMS) method. Zhou et al (2019) investigated the different leaching agents and conditions to identify the best option for high gallium recovery, reaching up to 90.36%. They followed the process from Zhan et al (2015) , using pyrolysis and crushing and ball milling the pyrolysis residues.…”

Section: Extractive Metallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems that the leaching step performs well in a particular at-mosphere with temperature, pressure, paste density, particle size, and leaching agent. Zhou et al (2019) compare the optimal function of different leaching agents, the concentration at which the agent functions optimal, the density and particle size of the sample, and the temperature and pressure of the reacting atmosphere. Oxalic acid at a concentration of 0.7 M with pulp density of 10 g • l −1 and particle size, 48-150 µm, with a temperature of 363 K and a pressure of 0.1-1.0 Pa, gallium recovery is optimal.…”

Section: Extractive Metallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of LED lamp recycling process from the 10 R strategy perspective

Rahman

Pompidou

Alix

et al. 2021

Sustainable Production and Consumption

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Recycling LED lamp technology requires a change from the traditional bulk material-based recovery process. Unlike preceding lighting technology, LED lamps cannot be recycled to meet the regulatory minimum recycling rate of 80% due to multi-materials, including small quantity precious metals, which reduce the sorting efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the challenges have been approached in the scientific literature in this context. The review article investigates the circular solutions to the challenges that the end of life LED lamp management is facing. This review applies PRISMA systematic literature review to locate the relevant studies and investigate whether the proposed processes can increase the recycling rate, using the circular economy strategy as a theoretical framework. Several recycling processes have been proposed in the academic literature. However, the techniques have not been evaluated against the circular economy strategies to identify current gaps and possible ways. This review attempts to fill this gap by assessing the current approaches against the 10 R strategies (refuse, rethink, reconsider, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle and recover). The study suggests that recycling is the dominant strategy, but the higher R strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacture have also been discussed as potential life extension strategies. The study concludes by proposing an integrated treatment approach that focuses on higher R's (reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture and repurpose) instead of focusing on lower R's (e.g., recycling).

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“…Copper Nickel Gallium ( Pourhossein and Mousavi, 2019 ) LED chips Gallium Indium Gold Silver ( Zhan et al, 2015 ) Parameter testing ( Zhou et al, 2019 )…”

Section: Pin Type Ledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extractive Metallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extractive Metallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A review of LED lamp recycling process from the 10 R strategy perspective

Rahman

Pompidou

Alix

et al. 2021

Sustainable Production and Consumption

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“…Only a few studies have investigated the recycling and material recovery of LED lighting. While some focused on technological development [11][12][13], others assessed the environmental impacts of LED lamps and their EoL phase [14] or discussed the economic potential of material recovery [9,15,16]. Studies analyzing the economic viability of LED lighting and other WEEE streams often focused on the absolute raw material amounts in the EoL products combined with their prices to derive recommendations for actions [16][17][18], or they focused on a cost-benefit analysis [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential and Limitations of Critical Raw Material Recycling: The Case of LED Lamps

2021

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Supply risks and environmental concerns drive the interest in critical raw material recycling in the European Union. Globally, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is projected to increase by almost 40% until 2030. This waste stream can be a source of secondary raw materials. The determination of the economic feasibility of recycling and recovering specific materials is a data-intensive, time-consuming, and case-specific task. This study introduced a two-part evaluation scheme consisting of upper continental crust concentrations and raw material prices as a simple tool to indicate the potential and limitations of critical raw material recycling. It was applied to the case of light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps in the EU. A material flow analysis was conducted, and the projected waste amounts were analyzed using the new scheme. Indium, gallium, and the rare earth elements appeared in low concentrations and low absolute masses and showed only a small revenue potential. Precious metals represented the largest revenue share. Future research should confirm the validity and usefulness of the evaluation scheme.

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