Recovery of Creatinine After Ingestion and After Intravenous Injection in Man

Abstract

circus movements of the heart. Such changes in impulse formation or conduction probably represent an imbalance between the various substrates and enzymes implicated in the release of energy through glycolysis, which is known to proceed over an intricate chemical pathway involving numerous stages. High concentrations of the effective sulfa drug may alter impulse initiation or propagation within the reticular gray matter of the medulla by disturbing the enzyme-substrate relationship in one or more stages, and in this way modify the development of the unstable chemicalnervous state necessary for "toppling."" I t is not clear why the drugs increase the anaerobic survival. I t is possible that depression of certain enzymes diminishes the rate 3IPdWI~l~, c. 7'. J f~l S l J~ [h, '-t, 1,0u1s. 1941, 1'. 55.7 - D a d , I'., 3 f U C l C O d ' h ~/ l , l J~l O~~J~l /111 ~f l J t / C r / l of release of anaerobic energy and thus permits continued utilization of a limited amount of available fuel. However, the apparent increase in overall energy liberation would seem to speak for an enhancing action of certain enzyme systems and an increase in utilizable fuel.Nor is it clear why sulfanilamide and sodium sulfathiazole were effective in producing the results described while equivalent amounts of sodium sulfadiazine and sodium sulfamerazine were not.Summary. Sulfanilamide and sodium sulfathiazole in non-toxic doses prolonged the survival of the anaerobic activity of the respiratory center of young rats and increased the overall energy release. Neither sodium sulfadiazine nor sodium sulfamerazine acted similarly.

Paracellular nutrient absorption is higher in bats than rodents: integrating from intact animals to the molecular level

“…The absorption of creatinine by all our species was similar to the amounts previously reported in studies in laboratory mice, rats and rabbits in experiments in which glucose was provided (~70-85%) (Pappenheimer, 1990). Turner et al (Turner et al, 2000) also found 55% creatinine absorption in humans when glucose was provided, although these trials did not include injection controls and true creatinine absorption in humans is probably even higher (see also Dominguez and Pomerene, 1945). Although we did find a statistically significant difference in creatinine absorption between O. leucogaster and P. leucopus, both values were fairly high and similar to the values for M. lucifugus.…”

“…size, charge distribution, shape) may affect the rate of paracellular absorption of a given probe, creatinine absorption seems a reasonable surrogate for paracellular proline absorption. As such, our creatinine absorption data, along with previous reports (Dominguez and Pomerene, 1945;Lundholm and Svedmyr, 1963;Pappenheimer, 1990;Turner et al, 2000), demonstrate that the paracellular route of absorption is important for proline across many mammals including humans. Moreover, several amino acids are of similar size or smaller than proline (and have more linear structures), implying that much amino acid absorption may occur via the tight junctions.…”

“…There are reports of some proteins that are capable of transporting creatinine in the kidney, notably OAT2 (Lepist et al, 2014). However, expression of OAT2 is either low or absent in the intestine (Maubon et al, 2007;Meier et al, 2007;Estudante et al, 2013), and creatinine absorption in the intestine has generally been ascribed to the paracellular pathway (Dominguez and Pomerene, 1945;Pappenheimer, 1990;Turner et al, 2000). In addition, we tested for saturation kinetics of intestinal creatinine absorption (see 'Validation of paracellular probes', below).…”

Intestinal absorption and excretion of octapeptidescomposed of D amino acids.

“…Inert solutes added to the ingestate may be recovered from the urine, thereby providing a minimum estimate of their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. For example, creatinine or mannitol ingested with 5% glucose can be recovered from urine or other body fluids with a yield of 50-65% in experimental animals (12) and >80%6 in man (13). Experiments of this type provide strong evidence that solutes the size of hexoses or amino acids can be absorbed paracellularly under conditions where fluid absorption and junctional permeability of the small intestine have been increased.…”

Comparison of Urinary Albumin-Creatinine Ratio and Albumin Excretion Rate in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study

“…Creatinine is generated in muscle, and urinary excretion is the main disposition for generated creatinine, so muscle mass is a major determinant of urine creatinine excretion (17)(18)(19)(20). Because men have greater muscle mass than women, men have greater urine creatinine excretion than women, and, on average, men have lower ACR values than women for a given AER (2).…”