“…1 The separation step can be implemented either before, after (i.e., downstream), or at the same time with (i.e., in situ) fermentation. A number of separation techniques adsorption, 6,7 filtration, 8,9 electrodialysis, 10,11 and liquidliquid extraction. [12][13][14] Methods are selected based on the compound differences in physical (e.g., size/molecular weight, volatility, solubility) and chemical (e.g., charge, intermolecular interactions) properties.…”