Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products

Teh, Soek Sin; Ong, A. S. H.; Mah, Siau Hui

doi:10.5650/jos.ess17078

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the SPO composed of only oil recovered and concentrated from that particular sludge. Besides, it was reported that most of USM in POME composed from carotene, squalene and vitamin E (Sangkharak et al, 2016;Teh et al, 2017). As expected, the highest phytosterols content of 20 300-141 000 ppm was found in solid by-product from vitamin E extraction process.…”

Section: Phytosterols Composition In Palm Oil and Its Byproductssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Samples were dissolved in 200 µl deuterated chloroform, shaken and placed in a 5 mm NMR capillary tube. The 1 H and 13 C experiments were performed using 600 MHz JEOL Spectrometer for compound identification (adapted from Teh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was observed that the phytosterols composition in this SPO (800-1000 ppm) was higher than that in the slurry obtained from the heavy phase of CPO clarification tank (508.7 ppm). This might be due to the dilution of the sludge with water from CPO clarification process (Teh et al, 2017). Meanwhile, the SPO composed of only oil recovered and concentrated from that particular sludge.…”

Section: Phytosterols Composition In Palm Oil and Its Byproductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction and Purification of Phytosterols Mixture From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Pfad) Using Multistage Extraction Processes

Jalani¹

2020

JOPR

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Phytosterols are among the bioactive compounds naturally present in vegetable oils and their by-products or derivatives. A phytosterol resource (PSR), solid by-product from the extraction of vitamin E in palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), contains 2%-4% (w/w) total sterols. Therefore, the extraction of phytosterols from the PSR in a mini-pilot scale involving multistage extraction processes was developed to recover the valuable minor component. The multistage extraction and purification processes comprised of solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with hexane at 35°C in 1 hr, saponification reaction at the reflux temperature of 80°C for 1 hr, liquidliquid extraction (LLE) with hexane and water, and crystallisation and vacuum filtration at-5°C for 20 hr. On average, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis showed the phytosterols recovered from the extraction and purification process had more than 80% purity. The recovery of total sterols from the PSR was 84% composed of β-sitosterol (21%-22%), campesterol (13%-20%) and stigmasterol (59%-64%). This extraction process is technically feasible to extract and produce crude phytosterols from a PFAD by-product.

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Section: Phytosterols Composition In Palm Oil and Its Byproductssupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phytosterols Composition In Palm Oil and Its Byproductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction and Purification of Phytosterols Mixture From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Pfad) Using Multistage Extraction Processes

Jalani¹

2020

JOPR

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“…The palm oil industry in Malaysia has boosted the country's economy, as it was one of the largest palm oil exporters and producers in the world. The palm oil industry has supported a variety of food products like margarine, cooking oils and animal feeds, and non-food products like soaps, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and biofuels [54][55][56][57][58]. The by-products generated during the palm oil milling process can be recycled and recovered into reusable materials or products (e.g., shells and fibers used as fuel for boilers, empty fruit bunches used as soil conditioner and palm oil mill effluent (POME) utilized as a source of energy generation) [59,60].…”

Section: Promoting Biogas Production From a Palm Oil Mill Effluent Asmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergy for a Cleaner Future: A Case Study of Sustainable Biogas Supply Chain in the Malaysian Energy Sector

et al. 2020

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A life cycle assessment (LCA)-based environmental sustainability evaluation conceptual framework of biogas production has been proposed to improve the sustainability of biogas supply chains. The conceptual framework developed in this study can be used as a guideline for the related stakeholders and decision makers to improve the quality and enhance the sustainability of biogas production in Malaysia as well as promoting biogas as a clean, reliable and secure energy. A case study on an LCA analysis of a zero waste discharge treatment process has been conducted. In the zero discharge treatment system, biogas can be produced with a maximum water recycle and reuse. It was indicated that the biogas production and zero discharge treatment of a palm oil mill effluent were environmentally sustainable as the system utilized organic waste to produce bioenergy and achieved zero discharge. However, there were other aspects that should be taken into consideration, particularly regarding the sources of electricity and upstream activity, to ensure the sustainability of the system holistically.

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“…An additional step to remove the residue solvent in the final product is often necessary to satisfy the commercial specification of phytonutrients (Hamany Djande, Piater, Steenkamp, Madala, & Dubery, 2018). Volatile organic solvents such as methanol, chloroform, acetonitrile, n-hexane, and dichloromethane are often applied in the extraction of phytonutrient from palm oil; these solvents typically have an impact to the environment due to the loss of solvent during extraction (Alghamdi et al, 2018;Boungo Teboukeu et al, 2018;Irías-Mata et al, 2017;Jesus et al, 2013;Sinaga, Siahaan, Gazali, Sinaga, & Siahaan, 2015;Teh et al, 2017). Additionally, these volatile solvents may often cause safety and health issues during the extraction process due to the leakage of evaporated solvents.…”

Section: Solvent Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent development and challenges in extraction of phytonutrients from palm oil

Hoe

Chan

Ramanan

et al. 2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Phytonutrients are plant-derived bioactives which are widely utilized as colorants or supplements in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. To meet the global demand for phytonutrients, oil palm has emerged as a promising source of phytonutrients on account of its large-scale plantation worldwide and high oil productivity. Phytonutrients including carotenoids, tocols, sterols, squalene, phospholipids, coenzyme Q10, and polyphenols can be found in crude palm oil as well as in the byproducts (e.g. palm oil mill effluent and palm-pressed fiber oil) generated from the palm oil milling process. However, the high viscosity and semisolid properties of palm oil are problematic in phytonutrient extraction. Another major challenge is the retention of the sensitive phytonutrients during the extraction process. Over the years, the advances in the extraction methods have improved the extractability of phytonutrients. The emerging extraction methods can operate under mild conditions to mitigate the risk of phytonutrient degradation. This review outlines the types of phytonutrient in palm oil and their extraction strategies. The working principles and operating conditions of extraction methods are discussed along with their potential and limitations in terms of extraction efficiency and practicability. The methods for pretreatment of feedstocks for improving extraction efficiency are also highlighted. The challenges in the extraction of phytonutrient from palm oil feedstock are summarized. Lastly, we provide suggestions for overcoming the limitations and improving the performances of phytonutrient extraction.

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Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Extraction and Purification of Phytosterols Mixture From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Pfad) Using Multistage Extraction Processes

Extraction and Purification of Phytosterols Mixture From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Pfad) Using Multistage Extraction Processes

Bioenergy for a Cleaner Future: A Case Study of Sustainable Biogas Supply Chain in the Malaysian Energy Sector

Recent development and challenges in extraction of phytonutrients from palm oil

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