“…Twenty-three studies investigated the effect of time into the work period and the differences between night shifts and day shifts. Among these, six were cross-sectional mail surveys (Kibblewhite, 2003 ; Ku and Smith, 2010 ; Zoer et al, 2011 ; Zimmermann et al, 2015 ; Cotrim et al, 2017 ; Fan and Smith, 2017 ), and 17 were longitudinal/process studies (Popkin et al, 2001 ; Roach et al, 2001 ; Harma et al, 2002 ; McGuffog et al, 2004 ; Dorrian et al, 2006 , 2007a , 2008 , 2011 ; Darwent et al, 2008 , 2015 ; Jay et al, 2008 ; Cabonl et al, 2012 ; Korunka et al, 2012 ; Paterson et al, 2012 ; Cebola et al, 2013 ; de Araújo Fernandes et al, 2013 ; Robertson et al, 2013 ). Most of these studies showed that night shifts result in fatigue (e.g., Dorrian et al, 2011 ), as well as sleepiness and cumulative sleep loss (Darwent et al, 2008 ; Cotrim et al, 2017 ).…”