Recovery Act - Demonstration of Sodium Ion Battery for Grid Level Applications

Wiley, Ted; Whitacre, Jay; Weber, Eric J.; Eshoo, Michael; Noland, James; Blackwood, David J.; Campbell, Williams; Sheen, Eric; Spears, Christopher; Smith, Christopher L.

doi:10.2172/1081309

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Such perspectives are driving forces of the contemporary SIB research; however, SIBs have not yet been realized as commercial products. There have been a few demonstrations in grid‐ and vehicle‐level applications, [ 13,283 ] but they are still far away from commercialization. Based on some cost analysis reports, SIBs are currently at a rather similar cost level to LIBs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Yang

Rogach

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

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type is cheap but with a rather low energy density and cannot survive many cycles; the latter type has higher energy density and longer cycle life, but is more expensive. [3] Both those secondary batteries suffer from the memory effect, and their use is under serious environmental concerns due to the involvement of the toxic lead and cadmium. [3] Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries can deliver higher energy capacity (the amount of stored energy in per unit mass, usually measured in Wh kg -1 ) and are more environmentally friendly, and from these reasons they used to dominate the market for electrical tools and EV. [4] At present, however, the share of Ni-MH batteries is shrinking, as we have another choice with a much higher energy density, namely lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The energy density of Ni-MH batteries is 60-70 Wh kg -1 , and that of LIBs was about 110 Wh kg -1 when they were commercially launched. [5] In the last decade, the price of LIBs decreased by ≈80% (now reaching <$200 kWh -1 ), and their energy density has been significantly improved (>200 Wh kg -1 ). [6] Other advantages of LIBs include long cycle life, low self-discharge, and absence of the memory effect. Thus far, being cost-effective and performance-competitive, LIBs have conquered the market for various important applications such as mobile phones, portable electronics, and EV.Beyond the state-of-the-art LIBs, efforts of battery researchers are going into following directions. The energy density of gasoline is about 13 kWh kg -1 , a value LIBs would never get close to. [7] It is normal to have "range anxiety" in the transition from petrol vehicles to EV. To eliminate such anxiety and make LIBs more competitive, intensive efforts are being placed into the research of high-capacity electrode materials for LIBs (such as silicon and lithium metal anode) and other battery systems (e.g., lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, and zinc-air batteries). [8] Another important direction is the development of safer batteries, such as aqueous and all-solid-state batteries, as safety concerns on LIBs are mainly related to the use of flammable electrolytes. [9,10] At the same time, the demand for LIBs worldwide is still increasing, and the production of the LIBs is growing rapidly, while the important constituting elements of those batteries, especially lithium and cobalt, are limited in supply. [5] Even though the availability of lithium at the present time may not be the major problem, and the recycling of used LIBs is under consideration, the world is faced with the potential risks in supply chains, as the annual global lithium production has already surpassed 0.085 million tons in 2018, while the total lithium reserve is estimated to be ≈14 million The increase in electricity generation poses growing demands on energy storage systems, thus offering a chance for the success of the reliable and cost-effective energy storage technologies. Sodium ion batteries are emerging as such a technology, which is however not yet mature enough to enter the market. At th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Yang

Rogach

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

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“…Recently, Aquion Energy has successfully coupled LiMn 2 O 4 cathode with an activated carbon/NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 composite anode in a hybrid ion electrolyte, and is working toward commercialization. 6,7 Layered oxides also have been extensively studied, but the use of expensive cobalt is not synergistic with a low cost water-based electrolyte. 1,2 LiFePO 4 is another attractive cathode material, but has low voltage and degrades in alkaline conditions -once again limiting potential anode partners.…”

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Aqueous Ion Battery Systems Using Sodium Vanadium Phosphate Stabilized by Titanium Substitution

Mason¹,

Lange²

2015

ECS Electrochemistry Letters

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Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is a popular sodium-ion intercalating cathode material. It degrades in aqueous electrolytes, though. By substitution of half of the vanadium with titanium, the related compound, Na 2 VTi(PO 4 ) 3 , was obtained. Three distinct sets of experiments were employed to qualify the potential utility of this material in various aqueous ion battery applications, including sodium and zinc ion. High levels of cycle stability were observed in neutral sodium-containing electrolyte, but less-so in zinc-containing electrolyte. At the end, pouch cells were built with both activated carbon and NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 anode materials, demonstrating practical capabilities of systems utilizing these materials.A wide variety of new battery technologies are currently under development for large scale energy storage applications. Utility, residential, and commercial energy storage is becoming an important industry due to frequency regulation requirements, mitigation of peak energy demand, and the proliferation of intermittent renewable energy sources. Battery technology can target these market opportunities, but significant work remains to develop products to meet the requirements at better costs.Aqueous ion batteries (AIBs) have received renewed interest from the research community recently as a means to fill a niche requiring low cost, high efficiency, and high power density, with competitive energy densities. 1-3 The basic concept has been to apply advances realized over the past two decades with lithium ion batteries to the aqueous battery technologies that have existed for well over a century. Utilizing highly facile alkali ion intercalation in a low cost, waterbased electrolyte is the goal.AIBs must be engineered carefully to ensure anode, cathode, and electrolyte operate in harmony. Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 is the most attractive cathode material thus far studied, but requires conditions that are not excessively alkaline to achieve full capacity. Early work by the Dahn group demonstrated the initial approach to AIBs, utilizing LiMn 2 O 4 cathode and VO 2 -B anode material. 4,5 Capacity fade was an issue due to the rapid degradation of the anode material. Recently, Aquion Energy has successfully coupled LiMn 2 O 4 cathode with an activated carbon/NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 composite anode in a hybrid ion electrolyte, and is working toward commercialization. 6,7 Layered oxides also have been extensively studied, but the use of expensive cobalt is not synergistic with a low cost water-based electrolyte. 1,2 LiFePO 4 is another attractive cathode material, but has low voltage and degrades in alkaline conditions -once again limiting potential anode partners. 8 Cyanometallates are under heavy development for very high power applications, but also require significant optimization. 9 Many configurations are also being evaluated to utilize a zinc anode in a hybrid ion or fully zinc ion systems. [10][11][12][13] On the anode side, NASICON LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and the aforementioned NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 have undoubtedly been proven to be good intercala...

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Recovery Act - Demonstration of Sodium Ion Battery for Grid Level Applications

Cited by 2 publications

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Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Aqueous Ion Battery Systems Using Sodium Vanadium Phosphate Stabilized by Titanium Substitution

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