Recording of domains by an electron beam on the surface of +Z cuts of lithium niobate

Емелин, Е. В.; Il’in, A. I.; Kokhanchik, L. S.

doi:10.1134/s1063783413030086

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Sufficiently high negative values of E z calculated for these zones (see table 2) suggest that even in the case of +Z cut the domain formation can be explained without involving the double charged layer model. In [21], the depths of the formed submicrometer domains reached ∼150-250 nm, which is close to the field inversion parameters z 0 determined for S1 and S2 (table 2).…”

Section: Electric Field Distribution In Near-surface Regionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Note that the double charged layer model was used to explain the formation of domains on the +Z cuts of LN during their irradiation by the e-beam [21,22]. Importantly, in the case of the +Z cut irradiation domain nucleation occurs in regions where E z takes negative values, i.e.…”

Section: Electric Field Distribution In Near-surface Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among its optical applications it is worth mentioning quasi-phase matching devices for nonlinear frequency conversion [15]. Different design domains on polar and nonpolar surfaces in bulk and film samples, as well as in LN-based waveguides, were patterned using the DEBW technique and then investigated [9][10][11][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The selection of the SEM irradiation parameters (the accelerating voltage, e-beam current, and irradiated area dimensions) allows variation of the domain sizes down to the submicrometer level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Kokhanchik¹,

Емелин²,

Сироткин³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The focus of the study was to investigate the peculiarities of the domains created by electron beam (e-beam) in a surface layer of congruent lithium niobate, which comparable to a depth of electron beam charge penetration. Direct e-beam writing (DEBW) of different domain structures with a scanning electron microscope was performed on the polar -Z cut. Accelerating voltage 15 kV and e-beam current 100 pA were applied. Different patterns of local irradiated squares were used to create domain structures and single domains. No domain contrast was observed by the PFM technique. Based on chemical etching, it was found that the vertices of the domains created do not reach the surface level. The average deepening of the domain vertices was several hundred nanometers and varied depending on the irradiation dose and the location of the irradiated areas (squares) relative to each other. Computer simulation was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of the electric field in the various irradiated patterns. The deepening was explained by the fact that in the near-surface layer there is a sign inversion of the normal component of the electric field strength vector, which controls the domain formation during DEBW. Thus, with the help of e-beam, domains were created completely located in the bulk, in contrast to the domains that are nucleated on the surface of the -Z cut during the polarization inversion with AFM tip. The detected deepening of e-beam domains suggests the possibility of creating the “head-to-head” domain walls in the near-surface layer lithium niobate by DEBW.

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Section: Electric Field Distribution In Near-surface Regionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Electric Field Distribution In Near-surface Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Kokhanchik¹,

Емелин²,

Сироткин³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…(To be more precise, Q sc is slightly affected by U via the electron emission coefficient, depending on U). An equilibrium charge state in high-resistant dielectrics is attained during times from tens to hundreds ms [14]. As our exposure dependences were obtained in the range of t irr from 10 ms to seconds (see below), so, within a rough approximation we suggest the domain formation to occur under a quasi-equilibrium charge state.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…As our exposure dependences were obtained in the range of t irr from 10 ms to seconds (see below), so, within a rough approximation we suggest the domain formation to occur under a quasi-equilibrium charge state. Note, additionally to a negative space charge Q sc centered at a depth of R e /2, a stable positively charged layer with a thickness of 3λ (where λ is the second-electron mean free path) is formed directly below the surface The occurrence of domains under EB irradiation of the positive polar surfaces of LiNbO 3 crystals [14,15] as well as the domain nucleation observed in the ferroelectric Rb-doped KTiOPO4 (RKTP)crystals placed in TEM [16] were accounted for by the polarization reversal in this layer…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-Beam Domain Patterning in Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 Crystals

et al. 2020

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The characteristics of electron-beam domain writing (EBDW) on the polar and nonpolar surfaces of the field-cooled (FC) and zero-field cooled (ZFC) Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 (SBN) crystals are presented in the range of accelerating voltage U from 10 to 25 kV. The exposure characteristics of the domain diameter d and length Ld (when writing on the polar and nonpolar surfaces, respectively) were measured. With increasing exposure time, d tends to a saturation value, whereas Ld grows linearly, the frontal velocity Vf being of 40 μm/s. At U = 25 kV the achieved d and Ld are of 7 and 40 µm, respectively. The observed peculiar features of EBDW—specifically the domain widening with exposure times and the effect of the polarization state of the crystal on the domain stability—are accounted for by the relaxor features inherent to this material. The effects of electron-beam (EB) irradiation on the local hysteresis loops is evidence of a domain fixation.

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