Reconstruction of the Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Belgium: Complementary use of disease surveillance approaches

Poskin, Antoine; Théron, Léonard; Hanon, Jean-Baptiste; Saegerman, Claude; Vervaeke, Muriel; Stede, Yves Van der; Cay, Brigitte; Regge, Nick De

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.036

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In the years following the European Schmallenberg epidemic (2014–2016), there have been reports of SBV overwintering and continued virus circulation in a number of European countries (Bayrou, Garigliany, Cassart, Sartelet, & Desmecht, ; Elbers, Meiswinkel, van Weezep, Kooi, & van der Poel, ; Gache et al., ; Meroc et al., ; Wernike, Hoffmann, Conraths, & Beer, ), including Ireland (Collins, Barrett, Doherty, Larska, & Mee, ), albeit at a considerably lower level when compared to the level of SBV circulation during the first European epidemic. The lack of significant virus recirculation in the last number of years has resulted in a growing population of immunologically naïve animals (Collins et al., ; Poskin et al., ; Veldhuis, Mars, Roos, van Wuyckhuise, & van Schaik, ) which would be susceptible to SBV infection should the virus re‐emerge in previously exposed and unexposed regions. In 2016, Collins et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016

Collins

Barrett²,

Doherty

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Schmallenberg virus (SBV) circulation was investigated in 25 previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016. A population of 1,550 spring-2014-born animals, which had been monitored for SBV infection in 2014 and 2015 as part of a previous SBV surveillance study, were resampled for evidence of SBV infection during 2016. A total of 366 blood samples were collected in the 25 study herds (15 samples per herd) between 3 March 2017 and 10 March 2017 (before the 2017 vector-active season) and analysed for SBV antibodies using a competitive ELISA kit (IDVet). A total of 256 animals tested seropositive, an AP of 69.9% (95% CI: 65.1-74.4) and TP of 77.7% (95% CI: 72.3%-82.8%) when correcting for imperfect test characteristics. These results demonstrate that a new epidemic of SBV circulation occurred in these previously exposed herds in Ireland in 2016.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016

Collins

Barrett²,

Doherty

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Evidence for renewed SBV circulation was found in 2012 and SBV seropositive animals were still detected at each cattle farm at that time but the overall seroprevalence in cattle had dropped from 86% to 65% (Méroc, Poskin, Van Loo, Van Dressche et al., ). Since 2013, no more confirmed SBV cases were reported and efforts to follow the SBV situation in Belgium were strongly reduced (Poskin et al., ). The lack of significant SBV circulation and associated losses since that time makes that governments, veterinarians, and farmers tend to lose their awareness for this disease (De Regge ; De Regge et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of extensive renewed Schmallenberg virus circulation in Belgium during summer of 2016 - increase in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases expected

Sohier

Deblauwe

Loo

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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A seroprevalence study carried out between June and September 2016 in the Belgian sheep population showed a significant increase in overall (from 25% to 62%) and between-herd (from 60% to 96%) seroprevalence against Schmallenberg virus (SBV) during this period, indicating the most extensive recirculation of SBV since its original emergence in 2011. SBV recirculation was confirmed by the detection of SBV RNA-positive Culicoides obsoletus complex midges collected in the region of Antwerp in August 2016, reaching a minimum infection rate of 3%. The recirculation of SBV in the largely unprotected ruminant population during summer 2016 will likely cause an increase in the number of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases in newborn ruminants during the coming months.

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“…It infects a number of domestic and wild animal species including cattle, sheep, goats [6], alpaca [7] red deer, roe deer [8], fallow deer, moose, bison [9], wild boar [10], dogs [11], and a number of zoo animals [12]. In 2014 and 2015 the virus was still circulating in continental Europe [13, 14]. In Sweden, SBV was first detected in 2012 in domestic animals in the south.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016

Malmsten

Blomqvist

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundSchmallenberg virus (SBV) first emerged in Europe in 2011, and in Sweden in late 2012. The virus was still circulating in parts of Europe in 2015. In recent testing, the virus has not been detected in Swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in Sweden. It is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in Swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SBV has circulated, and is still circulating among wild cervids in Sweden.ResultsNinety-two sera from moose (Alces alces, n = 22), red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 15), fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 44), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 11) were collected and analyzed for antibodies against SBV. The sampling occurred in the southern and middle part of Sweden during three time periods: 1) before the vector season in 2012, 2) after the vector season in 2012, and 3) after the vector season in 2015. Animals from periods 1 and 2 were of varying ages, whereas animals collected in period 3 were born after the vector season 2013. Animals from period 1 (n = 15) and 3 (n = 47) were seronegative, but, 53% (16 of 30) of animals from period 2 were seropositive, determined by SBV competitive ELISA. Samples from period 2 were additionally analyzed for SBV-neutralizing antibodies. Such antibodies were detected in 16/16 SBV-N-antibody-positive, 3/12 negative and 2/2 doubtful sera. The two tests were in accordance at SBV-neutralizing antibody titers of 1:32 or higher.ConclusionOur results show that SBV circulated among wild cervids during the vector season of 2012. Three years later, no SBV-antibodies were detected in animals born after the vector season 2013. The likely absence of SBV circulation in Sweden, in contrast to other parts of Europe, might be explained by the annual occurrence of a vector-free season due to climate conditions. Interpretations are limited by the small sample-size, but the results suggest that the SBV competitive ELISA has high specificity but might have slightly lower sensitivity compared to a seroneutralization assay, when using samples from wild cervids.

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Reconstruction of the Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Belgium: Complementary use of disease surveillance approaches

Cited by 20 publications

References 78 publications

Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016

Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016

Evidence of extensive renewed Schmallenberg virus circulation in Belgium during summer of 2016 - increase in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases expected

Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016

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