Reconstruction of the exhumation history of the eastern Nepal Himalaya based on provenance changes

Kumar, Lalit; Yoshida, Kohki; Kuritani, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105920

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Previous studies of the eastern Nepal Himalaya shows a change in the hinterland exhumation rate; a fast exhumation similar to the central and western Nepal was observed during the deposition of the lower member of the Middle Siwalik sub-group but was absent during the deposition of the upper member of the Middle Siwalik sub-group (Chirouze et al 2012). This fast exhumation was observed after 11.0 Ma as rapid uplift of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline occurred due to the activation of an out-of-sequence thrust known as the Sun Koshi Thrust (Rai et al 2021). Similarly, after~5.5 Ma, rapid subsidence of the foreland basin was observed as a result of the thrust loading of the MBT (Ojha et al 2009;Rai et al 2021).…”

Section: Geological Outlinementioning

confidence: 97%

“…In western and the central Nepal Himalaya, observed exhumation of the hinterland was due to the formation of the duplex structure which began at 12-10 Ma and 9.8 Ma respectively (Huyghe et al 2001;Robinson et al 2003;Herman et al 2010). In the eastern Nepal Himalaya, this hinterland exhumation observed during the deposition of the lower member of the Middle Siwalik sub-group was due to the activation of the Sun Koshi Thrust (Rai et al 2021). Therefore, the possible explanation may be asymmetric subsidence (Burbank 1992) of the foreland basin in the eastern Nepal Himalaya.…”

Section: Intraformational Conglomerate and Its Relation To The Monsoon Intensificationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This fast exhumation was observed after 11.0 Ma as rapid uplift of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline occurred due to the activation of an out-of-sequence thrust known as the Sun Koshi Thrust (Rai et al 2021). Similarly, after~5.5 Ma, rapid subsidence of the foreland basin was observed as a result of the thrust loading of the MBT (Ojha et al 2009;Rai et al 2021). The climate of the eastern Nepal Himalaya Fig.…”

Section: Geological Outlinementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Therefore, the presence of gravel progradation only in the present study area denies the possibility of climate change as the controlling factor. In eastern Nepal, the activation of the MBT at the frontal margin of the Himalaya already started around 5.5 Ma (Ojha et al 2009;Rai et al 2021), therefore there is no possibility for the development of the erosional relief. For the third condition, if we see the hinterland tectonics of the eastern Nepal Himalaya, formation of the duplex structure at the rear of the Himalaya was observed after 4.0 Ma (Rai et al 2021).…”

Section: Significance Of Thick Mudstone Beds In Upper Siwalik Sub-groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In eastern Nepal, the activation of the MBT at the frontal margin of the Himalaya already started around 5.5 Ma (Ojha et al 2009;Rai et al 2021), therefore there is no possibility for the development of the erosional relief. For the third condition, if we see the hinterland tectonics of the eastern Nepal Himalaya, formation of the duplex structure at the rear of the Himalaya was observed after 4.0 Ma (Rai et al 2021). Therefore, this duplex structure should have slow down the thrusting along the MBT.…”

Section: Significance Of Thick Mudstone Beds In Upper Siwalik Sub-groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary facies analysis of the fluvial environment in the Siwalik Group of eastern Nepal: deciphering its relation to contemporary Himalayan tectonics, climate and sea-level change

Kumar

Yoshida

2021

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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The Siwalik Group, ranging from the Early Miocene to Pleistocene, is believed to be deposited in the fluvial environment and controlled by contemporary Himalayan tectonics and climate. In this study, we established the fluvial environment and its controlling factors responsible for the deposition of the Siwalik succession along the Muksar Khola section in the eastern Nepal Himalaya. Five sedimentary facies associations are identified; these are interpreted as the deposits of flood plain-dominated fine-grained meandering river (FA1), flood-dominated overbank environment (FA2), sandy meandering river (FA3), anastomosing river (FA4), and debris flow-dominated gravelly braided river (FA5). These changes in the fluvial system occurred around 10.5 Ma, 10.0 Ma, 5.9 Ma and 3.5 Ma, defined by existing magnetostratigraphy constraints, due to the effects of hinterland tectonics, climate and sea-level change and continuous drifting of the foreland basin towards the hinterland concerning depositional age. The thick succession of an intraformational conglomerate reveals intensification of the monsoon started around 10.5 Ma in the eastern Nepal Himalaya. The present study also shows asynchronous exhumation of the Himalaya from east to west brought a significant difference in the fluvial environment of the Neogene foreland basin.

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Section: Geological Outlinementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Intraformational Conglomerate and Its Relation To The Monsoon Intensificationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Geological Outlinementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Significance Of Thick Mudstone Beds In Upper Siwalik Sub-groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Significance Of Thick Mudstone Beds In Upper Siwalik Sub-groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary facies analysis of the fluvial environment in the Siwalik Group of eastern Nepal: deciphering its relation to contemporary Himalayan tectonics, climate and sea-level change

Kumar

Yoshida

2021

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Petrography and Lithofacies of the Siwalik Group in the Core of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis: Implications for Middle Stage Himalayan Orogeny and Paleoclimatic Conditions

et al. 2022

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The present field and petrographic investigations of the Tortonian to Gelasian Siwalik Group in the southwestern region of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis have been carried out to comprehend the middle stage Himalayan orogeny that resulted from the collision of Indian and Asian plates. The Chinji, Nagri, Dhok Pathan, and Soan Formations of the Siwalik Group were deposited by river meandering flood plains, braided rivers, and alluvial fan systems, respectively. The Siwalik Group is classified into seven major facies and many minor facies based on sedimentological properties. According to the petrographic analysis, the Siwalik Group sandstone is classified as litharenite and feldspathic litharenite petrofacies. The sandstone of the Siwalik Group is texturally mature, but compositionally it is immature. The data shown on the tectonic discrimination diagrams point to a recycled orogen provenance field for the Siwalik sandstone. In addition to quartz and feldspar, the sandstone includes clasts of volcanic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock types. The igneous and metamorphic rock clasts were derived from the Lesser and Higher Himalayas. The sedimentary lithic fragments, on the other hand, are derived from both the earlier molasse and pre-molasse rocks. The presence of lithic fragments of the earlier molasse sandstone in the Siwalik sandstone indicates that the Siwalik Group sandstones were deposited during the Middle Stage of the Himalayan orogeny. The paleoclimatic conditions were semi-arid to semi-humid during the Siwalik Group’s deposition. The presence of clay minerals in the shale reveals the intense chemical weathering processes that occurred during their deposition on the flood plains of the river meandering system.

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Reconstruction of the exhumation history of the eastern Nepal Himalaya based on provenance changes

Cited by 2 publications

References 73 publications

Sedimentary facies analysis of the fluvial environment in the Siwalik Group of eastern Nepal: deciphering its relation to contemporary Himalayan tectonics, climate and sea-level change

Sedimentary facies analysis of the fluvial environment in the Siwalik Group of eastern Nepal: deciphering its relation to contemporary Himalayan tectonics, climate and sea-level change

Petrography and Lithofacies of the Siwalik Group in the Core of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis: Implications for Middle Stage Himalayan Orogeny and Paleoclimatic Conditions

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