Reconstruction of Subsurface Objects by LSM and FWI From Limited-Aperture Electromagnetic Data

A Comprehensive Review of Conventional and Deep Learning Approaches for Ground-Penetrating Radar Detection of Raw Data

“…In the same year, M. Zhong et al proposed a hybrid 3D electromagnetic full-wave inversion method for the reconstruction of underground detection targets. Compared with the pure FWI method BIM, the proposed method has higher accuracy and lower computational cost, while being more robust to noise for the reconstruction of multiple underground targets [97]. In 2023, Liu, Z et al used YOLOv3 network with four-scale detection layer (FDL) to detect the combined image of B-scan and C-scan, from which road cracks were identified.…”