“…With its wide detection range and high data density, MBESs are able to collect high-resolution terrain data and complete coverage, providing an accurate description of the seafloor topography and geomorphometry [ 3 , 4 ]. However, affected by the complex marine hydrological environment, system interference, and ocean reverberation, the collected sounding data inevitably exhibits sharp and prominent outliers [ 5 ]. These abnormal values are evident in the seabed terrain map and easily lead to incorrect terrain information, which is very unfavorable for subsequent seabed exploration and engineering construction [ 6 ].…”
During the process of seabed terrain exploration using a multi-beam echo system, it is inevitable to obtain a sounding set containing anomalous points. Conventional methods for eliminating outliers are unable to reduce the disruption caused by outliers over the whole dataset. Furthermore, incomplete consideration is given to the terrain complexity, error magnitude, and outlier distribution. In order to achieve both a high-precision terrain quality estimate and quick detection of depth anomalies, this study suggests a dual robust technique. Firstly, a robust polyhedral function is utilized to solve anomaly detection for large errors. Secondly, the robust kriging algorithm is used for refined outlier removal. Ultimately, the process of dual detection and anomaly removal is achieved. The experimental results demonstrate that DRS technology has the most favorable mean square error and error fluctuation range in the test set, with values of 0.8321 and [−2.0582, 1.9209], respectively, when compared to RPF, WT, GF, and WLS-SVM schemes. Furthermore, DRS is able to adjust to various terrain complexities, discrete distribution features, and cluster outlier detection, as shown by objective indicators and visual outcome maps, guaranteeing a high-quality seabed terrain estimate.
“…With its wide detection range and high data density, MBESs are able to collect high-resolution terrain data and complete coverage, providing an accurate description of the seafloor topography and geomorphometry [ 3 , 4 ]. However, affected by the complex marine hydrological environment, system interference, and ocean reverberation, the collected sounding data inevitably exhibits sharp and prominent outliers [ 5 ]. These abnormal values are evident in the seabed terrain map and easily lead to incorrect terrain information, which is very unfavorable for subsequent seabed exploration and engineering construction [ 6 ].…”
During the process of seabed terrain exploration using a multi-beam echo system, it is inevitable to obtain a sounding set containing anomalous points. Conventional methods for eliminating outliers are unable to reduce the disruption caused by outliers over the whole dataset. Furthermore, incomplete consideration is given to the terrain complexity, error magnitude, and outlier distribution. In order to achieve both a high-precision terrain quality estimate and quick detection of depth anomalies, this study suggests a dual robust technique. Firstly, a robust polyhedral function is utilized to solve anomaly detection for large errors. Secondly, the robust kriging algorithm is used for refined outlier removal. Ultimately, the process of dual detection and anomaly removal is achieved. The experimental results demonstrate that DRS technology has the most favorable mean square error and error fluctuation range in the test set, with values of 0.8321 and [−2.0582, 1.9209], respectively, when compared to RPF, WT, GF, and WLS-SVM schemes. Furthermore, DRS is able to adjust to various terrain complexities, discrete distribution features, and cluster outlier detection, as shown by objective indicators and visual outcome maps, guaranteeing a high-quality seabed terrain estimate.
“…The use of dynamic positioning systems associated with ROVs can certainly be a good compromise, also in terms of the precision of positioning data, as long as these systems can provide continuous and valid data for the entire duration of the navigation. A multidisciplinary approach can also be adopted when performing acoustic surveys to be combined with satellite images [ 33 ]. A fundamental issue concerns the association of high-resolution images acquired with the cameras and the related positioning data; in this case, the problem is usually solved by using highly specialized and expensive tools, which are unfortunately not always within the reach of researchers.…”
The Posidonia oceanica meadows represent a fundamental biological indicator for the assessment of the marine ecosystem’s state of health. They also play an essential role in the conservation of coastal morphology. The composition, extent, and structure of the meadows are conditioned by the biological characteristics of the plant itself and by the environmental setting, considering the type and nature of the substrate, the geomorphology of the seabed, the hydrodynamics, the depth, the light availability, the sedimentation speed, etc. In this work, we present a methodology for the effective monitoring and mapping of the Posidonia oceanica meadows by means of underwater photogrammetry. To reduce the effect of environmental factors on the underwater images (e.g., the bluish or greenish effects), the workflow is enhanced through the application of two different algorithms. The 3D point cloud obtained using the restored images allowed for a better categorization of a wider area than the one made using the original image elaboration. Therefore, this work aims at presenting a photogrammetric approach for the rapid and reliable characterization of the seabed, with particular reference to the Posidonia coverage.
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