Reconstruction of Hand and Foot Defects with Free Serratus Carpaccio Flap and Free Serratus Fascia Flap: A Comparative Retrospective Study of Surgical Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Defects of the hand and foot often require an individualized reconstructive approach, due to their unique functional and aesthetic characteristics. Transferred tissues should be thin, pliable, and durable, with free fascial flaps meeting these requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the serratus fascia flap and the serratus carpaccio flap, which is a modification of the fascia flap, by including a thin muscle layer, with the goal of enhancing flap resilience and lowering morbidity rates. Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2017, 31 patients underwent microsurgical reconstruction of the hand or foot either by serratus fascia flap (fascia group) or serratus carpaccio flap (carpaccio group). The serratus fascia flaps were mainly harvested between 2000 and 2012, and the serratus carpaccio flaps between 2013 and 2017. Patient records were reviewed retrospectively, regarding demographics, complications, overall flap survival, additional revision surgeries, and surgical outcome. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test and continuous data with the Mann–Whitney tests. Logistic regression was used to examine the correlation between comorbidities and postoperative complication rates. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results: The fascia group consisted of 17 patients and the carpaccio group of 14 patients. The average patient age in the fascia group was 39.2 ± 10.5 years, and it was 39.1 ± 14.7 years in the carpaccio group. Overall complication rates were significantly lower in the carpaccio group than in the fascia group (28.6% vs. 70.6%, p = 0.03). The rates of overall flap survival (85.7% in the carpaccio group vs. 74.5% in the fascia group, p = 0.66) and partial flap loss (14.3% in the carpaccio group vs. 47.1% in the fascia group, p = 0.07) did not differ significantly among both groups. One postoperative hematoma of the donor site requiring revision surgery was reported in the carpaccio group (7.1%, p = 0.45) while no donor-site morbidity was reported in the fascia group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the serratus carpaccio flap presents a promising alternative to the serratus fascia flap. This modification has proven to be effective in substantially reducing postoperative complications requiring additional surgical interventions. Therefore, the serratus carpaccio flap can be considered a dependable reconstructive option for addressing complex soft tissue defects of the hand and foot, with complication rates that are within an acceptable range.

Mid-term Clinical Outcome of Microvascular Gracilis Muscle Flaps for Defects of the Hand

“…Acceptable esthetic results are described using the posterior interosseus flap with reverse flow. However, besides sacrificing the posterior interosseous artery, its size is limited and low esthetic satisfaction is achieved in cases where skin grafting is necessary for the donor site [ 28 ]. Another free flap that offers good clinical results is the free serratus flap.…”

“…The authors included a thin layer of the serratus muscle leading to an easier harvest of the flap and compared outcome parameters with the serratus fascia flap. Patient outcome was equal in both groups in patients with soft tissue defects of the hand and foot [ 28 ].…”