Reconstruction of continuous soft X-ray spectra from spectrograms recorded using a transmission diffraction grating

Kologrivov, A. A.; Rupasov, A. A.; Sklizkov, G. V.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.201

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The process is finalized when the difference of the specified value (usually ∼2%). This is achieved for most of the spectra after 3-11 iterative steps [17]. It was shown in [18] that although the spectrum reconstruction problem admits an infinite number of solutions, only one of them has the physical sense.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Their Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of a continuous spectrum, the correct determination of a real one is a nontrivial problem that has no analytic solution. In this work the spectra were reconstructed by the iteration method based on the algorithm of the successive calculation correction of the diffraction pattern recorded with a TDG [17].…”

Section: Experimental Results and Their Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of VUV radiation of hybrid and standard X-pinches on KING electric discharge facility

Bolkhovitinov

Tilikin

Shelkovenko

et al. 2020

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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The radiative characteristics of standard and hybrid X-pinches are studied in VUV range on the small-size KING electric discharge facility (200 kA, 190 ns, 45 kV) for the same initial conditions. Studies were performed for different X-pinch materials. A comparative analysis of the VUV spectra was performed and the output energy of soft x-rays and VUV radiation was measured for standard and hybrid X-pinches.

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Section: Experimental Results and Their Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Results and Their Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of VUV radiation of hybrid and standard X-pinches on KING electric discharge facility

Bolkhovitinov

Tilikin

Shelkovenko

et al. 2020

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…When processing the spectral images obtained with the use of TDG, it was taken into account that the ratio of the gap between the bars to the period of the used TDG is 0.425, so that the ratio of the relative intensities of diffraction radiation in different orders was (I:II:III:IV:V:VI:VII) = (1:0.0545:0.0679:0.0433:0.0062:0.0287:0.0001). Due to such a small contribution of high diffraction orders, the difference between the real spectra reconstructed from experimental spectrograms (by the use of the iterative method developed earlier in [20]) and the original experimental spectrograms is insignificant, which is illustrated in figure 4. Therefore, for the comparison of radiation spectra obtained under the calculations described below using the PrismSPECT program [21], experimental spectrograms were used directly without an additional iterative processing procedure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of SXR/EUV radiation of exploded foils and wires with spectral, spatial and temporal resolution simultaneously on KING electric discharge facility.

Pikuz¹,

Shelkovenko²,

Tilikin³

et al. 2021

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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The results of studies of the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (SXR/EUV) radiation of thin flat aluminum foils and wires under the explosion in an electric discharge on the compact high-current KING generator are presented. These studies were based on the SXR/EUV spectroscopy with a spectral resolution of 6 Å, a temporal resolution of 5 ns and a spatial resolution of 200 μm. To study the plasma radiation of exploded foils and wires in the SXR/EUV range, we used a transmission diffraction grating spectrograph which in combination with two additional slits provided spectral and spatial resolution. The spectrograph was coupled with a four-frame recorder based on a microchannel plate for providing temporal resolution. The analysis and comparison of the spectral, spatial, temporal, and energy characteristics of the SXR/EUV radiation of plasma formed under the explosion of foils and wires of a similar mass made of aluminum was carried out. The spectra were calculated as well and the plasma parameters and their changes in time and space were estimated on the basis of these calculations and comparison with relevant experimental results. Experiments have shown that when foils explode, a single intense source of SXR/EUV radiation is formed with radiated energy in the range of 10-20 J and a power of up to 100 MW in the quantum energy range from 30 to 250 eV. At the same time, the radiation power under the explosion of foils turned out to be about twice above the power under the explosion of wires of comparable mass.

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“…Both types of gratings typically have a periodic variation in the amplitude and/or phase of incident light and creates a pattern of dark and bright lines by splitting the passing light into its component wavelengths [10]. Diffraction grating also has a wide application, especially in spectroscopy [11][12][13][14] and displacement sensors [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the Effect of Pixelations on Surface Profile and Refractive Index of 3D Printed Diffractive Optical Elements

Mao¹,

Hua²,

Shan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The diffraction grating, a common diffractive optical element (DOE) used in many low-cost optical systems, is often fabricated in single-layer devices with stamping and rolling processes. Recently, there has been interest in micro-scale, customizable, and multi-layer DOEs that are increasingly being fabricated using expensive nanofabrication techniques, such as lithography, which requires numerous costly processes and clean rooms. Low-cost 3D printing of DOEs has, so far, not been feasible as the step change in illumination from a pixelated light source produces well-known diffraction effects of their own, which distorts the desired effect by the uneven surfaces and non-homogeneous refractive index. This paper reports a simple yet effective technique, coined ‘liquid immersion’, to characterize the uneven surface profile and the refractive index changes that result from pixelated light. Given this characterization, we can compensate for the undesired distortions by ‘pre-warping’ the desired grating, allowing the use of low-cost 3D printing with pixelated light intensity to achieve the required phase modulation for a DOE made from a photopolymer resin. This recovers the use of low-cost, single-layer DOE and paves the way for future multi-layer applications. Experiments show that the non-uniform light exposure generated both uneven surfaces (the diffraction gratings, ~100nm grating height for a 300-µm thick DOE) and non-homogeneous refractive index inside the printed sample (dN = 0.00013±0.00001) sufficient for high-quality reproduction of the desired optical effect.

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Reconstruction of continuous soft X-ray spectra from spectrograms recorded using a transmission diffraction grating

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Study of VUV radiation of hybrid and standard X-pinches on KING electric discharge facility

Study of VUV radiation of hybrid and standard X-pinches on KING electric discharge facility

Study of SXR/EUV radiation of exploded foils and wires with spectral, spatial and temporal resolution simultaneously on KING electric discharge facility.

Characterizing the Effect of Pixelations on Surface Profile and Refractive Index of 3D Printed Diffractive Optical Elements

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