“…More importantly, our selection criteria allow us to reduce potential bias from unobserved migration and potential endogeneity between segregation and mortality. Details of the imputation procedure—which relies on each mother's age, the ages of her coresident children, the age intervals between her surviving children, age‐specific fertility rates of women in her birth cohort, age‐specific mortality rates for children by birth cohort, age‐specific rates of children leaving home, and other characteristics of the mother and her spouse to probabilistically assign birth years to deceased and non‐coresident children—are provided elsewhere (Hacker, 2020; Luther & Cho, 1988). Briefly, because reconstructed birth histories rely on more information, including large age gaps between surviving children suggestive of the birth of a child who died before the census, they result in a better estimate of when deceased children were born, when they were exposed to the risk of death, and when they died.…”