Reconstructing the Concept of Forest-Based Enterprise Development in Nepal: Towards a  Pro-Poor Approach

Pokharel, Bharat K.; Paudel, Dinesh; Branney, Peter; Khatri, Dil; Nurse, Mike

doi:10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1981

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Based on other studies (e.g. Acharya, 2005;Pokharel et al, 2006 andPun andShrestha, 2008), enterprises operated by the community are generating significant income at the community level. Acharya (2005) reported that there was 11% increment in the household level income from CBFE of the Dolakha district.…”

Section: Income From Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Dhakal

Sharma

Paudel

2018

Banko

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Community forests in Nepal are operating various types of forest-based enterprises. These enterprises are generating considerable amount of income and employment at the local level contributing to the local and national economy. Comprehensive assessment of these enterprises is needed to improve their condition in the future. There is lack of assessment on the investment and benefits associated with these enterprises. We collected the data from 195 community-based enterprises in 23 districts of Nepal representing all geographic and development regions. For the analysis purpose, we categorized the enterprises into four categories viz. non-timber forest products (NTFPs), wood, ecotourism and agriculture enterprises. We analysed the investment, income, households benefitted and employment generation from these enterprises and compared with each other. Mean investment in ecotourism (US$ 22805.09) and wood (US$ 11252.42) based enterprises was found higher than the mean investment in NTFPs (US$ 2628.03) and agriculture (US$ 3383.63) based enterprises. Mean annual income from the enterprises was found US$ 1982.56 and was significantly different between the types of enterprises (P<0.05). On an average 115 households were benefitted per enterprise. Employment generation from wood based (2527 man-days) enterprises was found the highest followed by ecotourism (1490 man-days) enterprises. The mean employment generation from NTFP (1093 man-days) and agriculture-based enterprises (978 man-days) was found significantly lower (P<0.05) than timber and ecotourism-based enterprises. Examination of community-based forest enterprises contribution in local economy and household economy is recommended for future researchers.

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Section: Income From Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the mean income from the NTFPs based enterprises was found lower than other enterprises. Technology development for NTFPs collection and processing is not adequate (Pokharel et al, 2006).…”

Section: Income From Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Dhakal

Sharma

Paudel

2018

Banko

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“…The most recent projects have supported about 100 enterprises over a 3-year period in the early 2010s (Kunwar et al 2009;Rai et al 2016). Working in districts such as Dolakha, the Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project adopted a pro-poor entrepreneurship approach (Pokharel et al 2006). CARE's initiatives in the late 2000s in the Churia's Sarlahi and Mahottari district for improving livelihood security of poor and vulnerable people through watershed management and social equity focused on NTFP/MAPs enterprises (Khanal and Bhujei 2008).…”

Section: Emergence and Growth Of Communitymanaged Forest Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the investment effects of forest rights devolution in Nepals community-managed forest enterprises

Adhikary¹,

Jhaveri²,

Karki³

et al. 2019

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This study critically explores the investment effects of forest rights devolution in Nepal's communitymanaged forest enterprises (CFEs). Forest rights devolution, starting from the late 1980s, opened the door to fundamental changes in the scale and structure of forest governance. Local-level user groups (UGs) for different types of community-based forest management (CBFM) were created, with community forestry (CF) receiving priority support from the government's forestry ministry. Under the 1993 Forest Act and 1995 Forest Regulations, community forestry user groups (CFUGs) were recognized as self-governing, independent, autonomous, perpetual and corporate institutions. Taking advantage of these devolved and secure tenure arrangements, CFUGs began to quickly form across the country, crafting their own local governance institutions. Once forests began to regenerate and meet subsistence needs, CFUGs and other types of UGs, such as those in buffer zone community forests, started to form CFEs to achieve further livelihood, social equity and income generation gains. CFEs were grafted onto the existing community-based governance institutions. Over this nearly 30 year period, many CFEs have been formed, some have survived, and new ones are being created each year. It has been a period of considerable, if unstable, growth for the CFE sector.This study employs the concept of enabling and asset investments (Elson 2012) to analyze how UGs have established and managed CFEs. Based on primary data from interviews with 12 CFEs, and secondary data from published, government and gray literature, our research examined the investment effects on how UGs have structured CFE management, what the goals of CFEs have been, and how they negotiated the regulatory requirements, and non-regulatory conditions, in order to build their forest-based enterprises.The high export demand for Nepal's non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from India (and elsewhere), especially the diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) from its forests led the Government of Nepal (GoN), from the late 1980s, to develop policy support to expand this trade. Later, in the late 2000s, trade and industrial policies began to reflect these same priorities recognizing the significant potential of MAPs to support Nepal's economic growth. As such, the majority of CFEs are engaged in harvesting and trading raw NTFPs. The combined effect of weak bargaining power, high transaction costs and inadequate processing facilities across the value chain means that traders buy these products from CFE harvesters at low prices. Beyond those supplying raw NTFPs, CFEs have focused on processing opportunities that permit value addition, such as essential oil extraction, handmade paper, fruit juices or wood-based products. The government, donors and I/NGOs have all contributed, enabling investments to help pilot CFEs through idea development, CFE registration, equipment purchases, staff training and building private sector partnerships.viii Whether informal or formalized, UGs retain prime ...

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“…Thus, community forestry has shifted its main focus from securing subsistence requirements of communities towards maximization of profits by satisfying demands of the market (Pokharel et al 2006). In recent years, there has been a growing trend of involvement of CFUGs in commercial activities.…”

Section: Towards Commercilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The burden of development has transferred to local level under the contemporary developmental paradigm. Schools, health posts, road, irrigations, and community infrastructure have been designated as local responsibility, needing more financial resources (Pokharel et al, 2006;Springate-Baginski and Blaikie 2003).…”

Section: Commercial Alliances and Cfug Fundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corpo-bureaucratizing Community Forest: Commercialization and Increased Financial Transaction in Community Forestry User Groups in Nepal

Paudel

Khatri²,

Paudel³

2013

J. Forest & Livelihood

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Based on the analysis of financial transactions and decision making procedures in Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) in Nepal, this paper argues that community forestry is adapting techno-bureaucratic and corporate culture, replacing indigenous ways of community governance and by placing market elements into existing hierarchies and power asymmetries of local communities. It also argues that the trend of commercialization in community forestry has increased not because of the rational economic decisions made not on the basis of increased demands and surplus supply but because of a combination of economic and non-economic factors that create conditions necessary for commercialization as the next possible step in community-managed resources. In doing so this paper attempts to understand the dynamics, mechanisms and extent of CFUGs’ financial transactions through conceptualizing links of community forestry with extra-local economic forces, and also provides alternative ways of managing community resources for increased pro-poor outcomes. This study is based on in-depth analyses of national and district databases of CFUG funds, and ethnographic studies of 8 selected CFUGs from different parts of the country.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v9i1.8587 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.9(1) 2010 1-15

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Reconstructing the Concept of Forest-Based Enterprise Development in Nepal: Towards a Pro-Poor Approach

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Analyzing the investment effects of forest rights devolution in Nepals community-managed forest enterprises

Corpo-bureaucratizing Community Forest: Commercialization and Increased Financial Transaction in Community Forestry User Groups in Nepal

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Reconstructing the Concept of Forest-Based Enterprise Development in Nepal: Towards a Pro-Poor Approach

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal

Analyzing the investment effects of forest rights devolution in Nepals community-managed forest enterprises

Corpo-bureaucratizing Community Forest: Commercialization and Increased Financial Transaction in Community Forestry User Groups in Nepal

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Analyzing the investment effects of forest rights devolution in Nepals community-managed forest enterprises