Reconstructing lava flow emplacement histories with rheological and morphological analyses: the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dietterich, H. R.; Downs, Drew T.; Stelten, Mark E.; Zahran, Hani

doi:10.1007/s00445-018-1259-4

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Tseax erupted 0.5 km 3 of low viscosity basanite-trachybasalt lavas over a period of weeks to a few months assuming continuous activity, corresponding to time-averaged eruption rates (e.g., Harris et al, 2007) of tens to a few hundred m 3 /s. Similar eruption rates characterize the most recent alkali basalts in the Harrat Rahat monogenetic volcanic field (1256 CE Al Madinah flow, Five Fingers flows; (Dietterich et al, 2018). Tseax eruption rates also overlap with eruptions of similar volumes of tholeiitic lavas from large shield volcanoes.…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Volcanic Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

et al. 2022

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Despite having relatively short timespans of eruptions, monogenetic volcanoes can pose significant risks to the nearby population. Here, we describe the ∼1700 CE eruption of Tseax volcano, British Columbia, which killed up to 2,000 people of the Nisga’a First Nation and is ranked as Canada’s worst natural disaster. Within the Nisga’a culture, Adaawak stories preserve an observational account of the Tseax eruption. In this study, we establish the chronology of the eruption by integrating field observations and petrophysical data informed by Nisga’a oral and written histories. The Nisga’a stories corroborate the short duration and exceptional intensity of the eruption as recorded in the volcanic products. The eruption was divided in two main periods: 1) Period A and 2) Period B. 1) The eruption started in a typical Hawaiian style with low levels of lava fountaining that built up a spatter rampart. This pyroclastic edifice was breached by voluminous pāhoehoe lavas erupted at high discharge rates. We estimate that almost half of the emplaced lava volume (0.20 km3) was erupted in Period A and had a flux of 800–1,000 m3/s. The low viscosity lava reached the Nass Valley, 20 km downstream of the volcano, in “swift currents”, and engulfed the former Nisga’a villages in only 1–3 days, thus likely being responsible for the reported fatalities. The discharge rates progressively diminished to 10–200 m3/s until the end of this first eruptive period, which lasted a few weeks to a few hundred days. 2) The Period B eruption produced two ‘a‘ā lavas with discharge rates <50 m3/s. This period was also characterised by an explosive phase of eruption that built a 70 m high tephra cone overlapping with a spatter rampart; Period B lasted approximately 20 days. In total, the eruption produced 0.5 km3 of volcanic materials (mostly in the form of lava flows) on the order of weeks to a few months. The mountainous terrain significantly controlled the emplacement of lava flows that reached long distances in a short amount of time. Our work shows that, under certain conditions, eruptions of small-volume monogenetic volcanoes ca pose risks comparable to flank eruptions on long-lived shield volcanoes.

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Section: Comparisons With Other Volcanic Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

et al. 2022

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“…Channel depth and geometry are commonly obtained from drained channels after an eruption has ended. These depths are minima where channel drainage is incomplete (Calvari et al., 2003; Dietterich et al., 2018; Lipman & Banks, 1987; Rhéty et al., 2017) or maxima in lava tubes, where thermal erosion is common (Kauahikaua et al., 1998). In real time, minimum flow depths have been estimated from observations of lava “boats,” large pieces of collapsed channel levees that are carried within lava streams and assumed to be less dense on average than the lava in the channel, so that their height above the flow surface approximately equals that below the surface (Lipman & Banks, 1987).…”

Section: Properties Observations and Measurement Of Hawaiian Lava Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Lava Flow Like Water? Assessing Applications of Critical Flow Theory to Channelized Basaltic Lava Flows

et al. 2022

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The two great geophysical liquids present at Earth's surface-water and molten lava-share common features. Despite orders of magnitude differences in viscosity and temperature (water = 8.9 × 10 −4 Pa s at 25°C; basaltic lava = 50 Pa s at 1200°C), both liquids form gravity currents that, under the right circumstances, exhibit flow features such as turbulence, eddies, standing waves, and hydraulic jumps. In water flows, the full complement of these features occurs in channels with steep slopes (S) > 0.01 m/m (∼0.6°), such as those in mountain or canyon rivers, where flow velocities reach 1-10 m/s and complex flow features manifest as whitewater rapids. These features are often triggered by external influences, such as step changes in channel-bed elevation or channel width, substantive changes in slope, large boulders, or other conditions that cause abrupt changes in flow velocity. The circumstances that promote these same flow features in lava are not well constrained but observations show that they are most common close to volcanic vents where lava temperatures and flow velocities are high,

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“…Satellite optical images, in the spectral ranges from visible to thermal infrared, allow the mapping of lava flows with great spatial coverage and high resolution more safely without performing physical measurements from the volcanic edifice during the eruptive crisis (Oppenheimer, 1993;Wright et al, 2000;Harris et al, 2001;Lombardo et al, 2011) and accounting for topographic changes produced by the lava flow emplacements (Bisson et al, 2021). Hyperspectral data offer the capability to extract mineralogical, textural, and compositional properties from lava flows (Dietterich et al, 2018). They also enable the examination of various attributes like spectral features (Spinetti et al, 2009;Amici et al, 2014) and topographic characteristics (Ganci et al, 2022), greatly enriching our comprehension of lava flow emplacement dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into post-emplacement lava flow dynamics at Mt. Etna volcano from 2016 to 2021 by synthetic aperture radar and multispectral satellite data

Beccaro,

Albano,

Tolomei

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Post-emplacement dynamics of lava flows is governed by several factors such as poroelastic deformation of the substrate; gravity-induced repacking and rearrangement of the vesicle-bearing fluid lava and other void spaces by superposed flows; lava densification processes; viscoelastic strain relaxation of the ground caused by the lava load; thermal cooling and contraction of the solid lava; and discrete motion of surface blocks. Here we investigate post-emplacement lava flow dynamics at the Mt. Etna volcano, and we infer on the possible causes by exploiting optical and radar satellite data. Synthetic aperture radar data from Sentinel-1 satellite mission provided high-resolution horizontal and vertical displacement rates and displacement time series of the lava flows emplaced on the Mt. Etna volcano summit from January 2016 to July 2021. Sentinel-2 multispectral data allowed to identify the lava flows boundaries emplaced during the December 2018 and May 2019 paroxysms. Finally, high resolution COSMO-SkyMed radar data allowed to account for the topographic changes generated by the lava emplacement by means of stereo radargrammetry technique. Such an unprecedented dataset provided a full picture of the lava flow dynamics, whose kinematics is governed lava cooling, which in turn produce thermal contraction of the lava body and viscous compaction of the underlying substrate. Both phenomena act at different periods, being the thermal contraction predominant for recent lava flows. Downslope sliding is also invoked, especially for recent lava flows emplaced on high slope areas.

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Reconstructing lava flow emplacement histories with rheological and morphological analyses: the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 20 publications

References 84 publications

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

Can Lava Flow Like Water? Assessing Applications of Critical Flow Theory to Channelized Basaltic Lava Flows

Insights into post-emplacement lava flow dynamics at Mt. Etna volcano from 2016 to 2021 by synthetic aperture radar and multispectral satellite data

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