Reconstructing Ancestral Trait Values Using Squared-Change Parsimony: Plasma Osmolarity at the Origin of Amniotes

Garland, Theodore; Martin, Kerry; Dı́az-Uriarte, Ramón

doi:10.1016/b978-012676460-4/50014-7

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…3 in Garland et al, 1999). In the present study, it is hoped that the inclusion of several outgroup taxa has countered this possibility with respect to inferring ancestral values at the base of the Phrynosomatidae (see also Garland et al, 1997;Schultz and Churchill, 1999;Polly, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The included species span much of the range of phylogenetic diversity of lizards, yet are reasonably similar to the Phrynosomatidae in terms of body size and ecology, thereby removing some of the complications that would be inherent in comparing fossorial, or strictly arboreal species, with terrestrial ones (cf. discussion in Garland et al, 1997). Direct comparisons with snakes or other limbless K. E. Bonine, T. T. Gleeson and T. Garland, Jr Lizard muscle fibers and ancestral states lizards is not feasible given the absence of the IF muscle in these groups.…”

Section: Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states

Bonine

Gleeson

Garland

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Previously, we found that phrynosomatid lizards, a diverse group common in the southwestern USA, vary markedly in fiber-type composition of the iliofibularis (a hindlimb muscle important in locomotion). Phrynosomatidae comprises three subclades: the closely related sand and horned lizards, and their relatives the Sceloporus group. The variation in muscle fiber-type composition for 11 phrynosomatid species is attributable mainly to differences between the sand-and horned-lizard subclades. Here, we expand the phrynosomatid database with three additional species and compare these results with data collected for 10 outgroup (distantly related) species. Our goal was to determine if the patterns found in Phrynosomatidae hold across a broader phylogenetic range of the extant lizards and to elucidate the evolution of muscle fiber-type composition and related traits. To allow for meaningful comparisons, data were collected from species that are primarily terrestrial and relatively small in size (3.5-65·g body mass). Results indicate that the fiber-type variation observed within the Phrynosomatidae almost spans the range of variation observed in our sample of 24 species from eight families.However, one species of Acanthodactylus (Lacertidae) had a consistent region of large tonic fibers (that did not stain darkly for either succinic dehydrogenase or myosin ATPase activity), a fiber-type only occasionally seen in the other 23 species examined. Many species have a large proportion of either fast-twitch glycolytic (FG; e.g. sand lizards and Aspidoscelis) or fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers (e.g. horned lizards), with the slow-oxidative proportion occupying only 1-17% of the iliofibularis. Importantly, the negative relationship between FG and FOG composition observed in Phrynosomatidae appears to be a characteristic of lizards in general, and could lead to functional trade-offs in aspects of locomotor performance, as has previously been reported for Lacertidae. Reconstruction of ancestral trait values by use of phylogenetically based statistical methods indicates especially large changes in fiber-type composition during the evolution of horned lizards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states

Bonine

Gleeson

Garland

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…When an independent variable is strongly associated with phylogenetic position, the power to detect an effect of that independent variable is reduced (e.g., see figure 5 in Vanhooydonck and Van Damme, 1999). Nonetheless, despite potentially low statistical power, differences among clades can be shown to exist with fully phylogenetic statistical methods, at least when such effects are strong (e.g., see Garland et al, 1997;BinindaEmonds and Gittleman, 2000). Statistical power to detect differences among groups, in a phylogenetic context, can be estimated by computer Table 2.…”

Section: Caveats Of the Method: Diet Categorization Phylogeny And Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Diet, phylogeny, and basal metabolic rate in phyllostomid bats

Cruz‐Neto

Garland

Abe

2001

Zoology

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“…However, very little is known about the accuracy of the methods. Simulations suggest reasonable performance (Garland et al 1997;Martins 1999a), but comparison of actual ancestral trait values with their estimates requires detailed ancestor-descendant relationships in the context of a reasonably sized phylogeny and reliable trait information for ancestors. However, it was the dearth of knowledge about ancestors that led to the development of the methods in the first place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the accuracy of methods for reconstructing ancestral states of continuous characters

Webster

Purvis

2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

134

136

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Many methods are available for estimating ancestral values of continuous characteristics, but little is known about how well these methods perform. Here we compare six methods: linear parsimony, squaredchange parsimony, one-parameter maximum likelihood (Brownian motion), two-parameter maximum likelihood (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process), and independent comparisons with and without branch-length information. We apply these methods to data from 20 morphospecies of Pleistocene planktic Foraminifera in order to estimate ancestral size and shape variables, and compare these estimates with measurements on fossils close to the phylogenetic position of 13 ancestors. No method produced accurate estimates for any variable: estimates were consistently less good as predictors of the observed values than were the averages of the observed values. The two-parameter maximum-likelihood model consistently produces the most accurate size estimates overall. Estimation of ancestral sizes is confounded by an evolutionary trend towards increasing size. Shape showed no trend but was still estimated very poorly: we consider possible reasons. We discuss the implications of our results for the use of estimates of ancestral characteristics.

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Reconstructing Ancestral Trait Values Using Squared-Change Parsimony: Plasma Osmolarity at the Origin of Amniotes

Cited by 31 publications

References 181 publications

Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states

Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states

Diet, phylogeny, and basal metabolic rate in phyllostomid bats

Testing the accuracy of methods for reconstructing ancestral states of continuous characters

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