Reconsidering Conditioned Inhibition

Savastano, Hernán I.; Cole, Robert P.; Barnet, Robert C.; Miller, Ralph R.

doi:10.1006/lmot.1998.1020

Cited by 43 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…Because such new behavior is organized with respect to the CS2, it cannot be explained simply as the indirect result of the CS2 inhibiting some other behavior (Dickinson, 1980). The problem of a stimulus having both excitatory and inhibitory effects was addressed specifically by Miller and Schactman's (1985;see also Miller & Matzel, 1988;Savastano, Cole, Barnet, & Miller, 1999) comparator theory. Miller and Schactman proposed a theory of CI in which stimuli vary in terms of excitatory associative strength, and the animal's response to a CS2 is determined by a comparison of the associative strength of the CS2 with that of the comparator stimulus, the most salient and contiguous stimulus present during training.…”

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confidence: 99%

Conditioned inhibitory effects of discriminated Pavlovian training with food in rats depend on interactions of search modes, related repertoires, and response measures

Tinsley

Timberlake

Sitomer

et al. 2002

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Like other accounts of conditioned inhibition, behavior systems predicts (and Experiment 1 shows) that during summation and retardation tests, presentation of a negative conditioned stimulus (a CS2) created by discriminative Pavlovian food conditioning will interfere with a focal search response, such as nosing in the feeder. Unlike most other views, behavior systems predicts (and Experiment 2 shows) that the same CS2 can potentiate a general search response, like attending to a moving artificial prey stimulus. Contacting the prey stimulus in extinction increased over baseline when a CS2 but not a CS Novel preceded it. Experiment 3 showed this effect was not due to unconditioned qualities of the CS2. It appears that the effects of a discriminative CS2 depend on the interaction of the training contingency with search modes related to the unconditioned stimulus (US), their perceptual-motor repertoires and environmental support, and the choice of response measure.

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confidence: 99%

Conditioned inhibitory effects of discriminated Pavlovian training with food in rats depend on interactions of search modes, related repertoires, and response measures

Tinsley

Timberlake

Sitomer

et al. 2002

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, these alternative explanations (increased attention and decreased attention, respectively) are incompatible. Hence, passage of both tests provides a fairly compelling demonstration of inhibitory learning (but see Cole, Barnet, Miller, 1997;Papini & Bitterman, 1993;Savastano, Cole, Barnet, & Miller, 1999 for further critiques of the two-test strategy).In addition to providing a means for assessing the existence of inhibitory learning, Rescorla's (1969) two-test strategy has also led to the study of the temporal properties and associative structure of inhibitory learning (e.g., Barnet & Miller, 1996;Denniston, Blaisdell, & Miller, 2004). This line of research has been guided by the temporal coding hypothesis (Matzel, Held, & Miller, 1988;Miller & Barnet, 1993;Savastano & Miller, 1998) which states that: 1) learning is based upon spatio-temporal contiguity; 2) animals encode the temporal relationship between events (as a temporal map; Honig, 1981); 3) animals can integrate temporal maps from different phases of training when the maps contain a common stimulus element to anchor the integration; and 4) these simple and integrated temporal maps are used to determine the form and timing of the conditioned responding.…”

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Timing of omitted events: An analysis of temporal control of inhibitory behavior

Denniston

Miller

2007

Behavioural Processes

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This paper reviews research designed to investigate the temporal control of inhibitory responding using rats as subjects. One area of investigation has focused on the role of temporal variables in conditioned inhibition produced using Pavlov's (1927) procedure. These studies have found that evidence of conditioned inhibition obtained by negative summation testing is strongest when the conditioned inhibitor signals the omission of the US at the same temporal location as a transfer excitor signals presentation of the US (e.g., Barnet & Miller, 1996). Similarly, retardation of acquisition of behavioral control by a previously inhibitory CS is maximal when the inhibitory CS is paired with the US at the same temporal location as the inhibitor had previously signaled US omission (Burger, Denniston, & Miller, 2001). Other lines of research designed to assess the associative structure of temporal control of inhibition (e.g., Denniston, Blaisdell, & Miller, 2004) are reviewed, as is the assessment of temporal control of inhibition produced through extinction (Denniston & Miller, 2003). These collective observations are discussed in terms of the temporal coding hypothesis (Matzel, Held, & Miller, 1988). Timing of Omitted Events: An Analysis of Temporal Control of Inhibitory BehaviorThe analysis of temporal variables in conditioned behavior has been widely studied since the pioneering work of Pavlov (1927). Pavlov's studies of inhibition of delay revealed that following conditioned stimulus (CS)-unconditioned stimulus (US) pairings with a CS of long duration, conditioned responding was maximal during the latter parts of the CS. Pavlov's early work both highlighted the importance of timing in conditioned behavior and provided the foundation for a thorough analysis of how animals both perceive and use temporal information. For the last 40 years, the study of animal timing has been inspired and led by Russell Church. A few of the many great contributions of Church's work include the development of the peak procedure (Roberts & Church, 1978) and theorizing concerning internal clocks (Church, 1984) that model how animals learn about expected times of reinforcement and subsequently use this information in order to control conditioned responding. In contrast to this large literature, the present article summarizes the findings from a far smaller collection of research that has attempted to study analogous questions in inhibitory learning; specifically how animals temporally encode omitted events.Mailing Address: James C. Denniston, Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, TEL: (828) 262-8640, FAX: (828) 262-2974, E-mail: dennistonjc@appstate.edu. Support for this research was provided by National Institute of Mental Health Grant 33881. We thank Bridget McConnell, Gonzalo P. Urcelay, Koji Urushihara, Daniel S. Wheeler, and James Witnauer for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. For information concerning this research, contact James C. Denniston at dennistonjc@appstate.edu. NI...

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“…Conditioned inhibition could also result in the establishment of an inhibitory association between the CS and the CR (e.g., Hull, 1943;Pavlov, 1927) or a positive association between the CS and the no-US representation (Konorski, 1967;Pearce, 1987;Rescorla, 1975), or it might result in a negative occasion setting (Rescorla, 1985). In contrast, the comparator hypothesis suggests that the concept of inhibition could be explained more parsimoniously by reference to noninhibitory mechanisms (e.g., Savastano et al, 1999). The nature of the processes that modulate conditioned inhibition is an ongoing matter for debate (e.g., Savastano et al, 1999) and can be considered to be a fundamental issue for current theories of learning.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The slower acquisition of excitatory conditioning in the retardation test could be explained by a decrease in the attention paid to the putative inhibitor; conversely, the reduced CR obtained in the summation test could be explained by an increase in the attention paid to the putative inhibitor at the cost of the attention given to the excitor. Therefore, obtaining evidence from both retardation and summation tests is requisite for a reliable demonstration of conditioned inhibition that rules out alternative explanations-attention to the putative inhibitor cannot be simultaneously increased and decreased by inhibition training (e.g., Savastano, Cole, Barnet, & Miller, 1999).…”

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Associative learning phenomena in the snail (Helix aspersa): Conditioned inhibition

et al. 2011

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Two experiments using garden snails (Helix aspersa) showed conditioned inhibition using both retardation and summation tests. Conditioned inhibition is a procedure by which a stimulus becomes a predictor of the absence of a relevant event-the unconditioned stimulus (US). Typically, conditioned inhibition consists of pairings between an initially neutral conditioned stimulus, CS 2 , and an effective excitatory conditioned stimulus, CS 1 , in the absence of the US. Retardation and summation tests are required in order to confirm that CS 2 has acquired inhibitory properties. Conditioned inhibition has previously been found in invertebrates; however, these demonstrations did not use the retardation and summation tests required for an unambiguous demonstration of inhibition, allowing for alternative explanations. The implications of our results for the fields of comparative cognition and invertebrate physiological models of learning are discussed.

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Reconsidering Conditioned Inhibition

Cited by 43 publications

References 58 publications

Conditioned inhibitory effects of discriminated Pavlovian training with food in rats depend on interactions of search modes, related repertoires, and response measures

Conditioned inhibitory effects of discriminated Pavlovian training with food in rats depend on interactions of search modes, related repertoires, and response measures

Timing of omitted events: An analysis of temporal control of inhibitory behavior

Associative learning phenomena in the snail (Helix aspersa): Conditioned inhibition

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