Reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria required for PCV2 reproductive disease

Unterweger, Christine; Brunthaler, René; Auer, Angelika; Fux, Robert; Weissenbacher‐Lang, Christiane; Ladinig, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105660

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In addition, the detection of viral genomes does not mean that the virus is infectious. However, if high amounts of PCV-2 nucleic acid are detected by qPCR in the tissues of a sick animal with characteristic histological lesions in lymphoid tissues, these data correlate well with the detection of viral antigens or genomes detected by IHC and ISH [15][16][17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Overall, these results should not be surprising since IHC and ISH correlate with the presence of lesions and, therefore, clinical disease, while qPCR can detect both clinical and subclinical PCV-2 infections. Therefore, the specific qPCR threshold to differentiate PCV-2-RD from subclinical reproductive infections is, again, depending on the qPCR method used (as previously mentioned for PCV-2-SD), and it fits well with 10 7 genome copies/500 ng DNA when using the oldest published techniques and with 10 9 genome copies/g heart tissue with the one indicated in Unterweger et al [16]. Note that some studies use ng of extracted DNA versus g of tissue by the third one, but comparison using these different methods has not been performed yet.…”

Section: Diagnostic Usefulness Of Pcr Methodologiessupporting

confidence: 62%

“…In both cases, the triad composed by clinical signs, lesions and viral detection in lesions allows the diagnosis of these conditions, even animals can be concomitantly affected with other diseases. It is important to note that the presence of fetal myocardial lesions in PCV-2-RD can be variable despite finding moderate to high mounts of PCV-2 by ISH or qPCR [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. This situation poses reasonable doubts on the value of histological lesions to diagnose PCV-2-RD, but so far myocarditis is the most consistent lesion observed in this condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the amount of virus load in serum and tissues is usually associated with the lesion severity; the more severe the lesions, the higher the amount of PCV-2 [ 15 ]. Recently, a report indicated high viral loads and reproductive problems without myocarditis, the hallmark PCV-2-RD lesion in fetuses [ 16 ]. However, other studies have consistently detected such lesions linked to a high amount of PCV-2 in heart tissue [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Pcv-2 Infection Outcomes and Their Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the latter case, the authors concluded that PCV-2 IHC positivity in fetal hearts was present in acute stages of reproductive failure, whereas qPCR was found as a more sensitive diagnostic method within a wider time span [ 18 ]. A third study has been recently published suggesting that a threshold of 10 9 genome copies/g heart [ 16 ], coinciding with positivity by ISH, would be the most adequate threshold to fulfil the moderate to high viral load criteria indicated in Table 1 . Overall, these results should not be surprising since IHC and ISH correlate with the presence of lesions and, therefore, clinical disease, while qPCR can detect both clinical and subclinical PCV-2 infections.…”

Section: Diagnostic Tools For Pcv-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context

Segalés

Sibila

2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Current knowledge on porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) includes the subclinical infection (PCV-2-SI), systemic (PCV-2-SD) and reproductive (PCV-2-RD) diseases, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Criteria to establish the diagnosis of these conditions have not changed over the years; thus, the triad composed by clinical signs, lesions and viral detection in lesions are still the hallmark for PCV-2-SD and PCV-2-RD. In contrast, PCV-2-SI diagnosis is not usually performed since this condition is perceived to be controlled by default through vaccination. PDNS is diagnosed by gross and histopathological findings, and PCV-2 detection is not recognized as a diagnostic criterion. Molecular biology methods as a proxy for PCVD diagnoses have been extensively used in the last decade, although these techniques should be mainly considered as monitoring tools rather than diagnostic ones. What has changed over the years is the epidemiological picture of PCV-2 through the massive use of vaccination, which allowed the decrease in infectious pressure paralleled with a decrease in overall herd immunity. Consequently, the need for establishing the diagnosis of PCVD has increased lately, especially in cases with a PCV-2-SD-like condition despite vaccination. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to update the current knowledge on diagnostic criteria for PCVDs and to contextualize the interest of using molecular biology methods in the overall picture of these diseases within variable epidemiological scenarios of PCV-2 infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Diagnostic Usefulness Of Pcr Methodologiessupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pcv-2 Infection Outcomes and Their Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnostic Tools For Pcv-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context

Segalés

Sibila

2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Pluck-pools as diagnostic samples for detecting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in porcine abortion material and stillbirths

Kreutzmann,

Unterweger,

Schwarz

et al. 2024

The Veterinary Journal

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Reproductive failure in an Austrian piglet-producing farm due to porcine circovirus genotype 2d

Reif

Renzhammer

Brunthaler

et al. 2022

AVet

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Infections of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can lead to various clinical conditions including reproductive disorders (PCV2-RD). In general, a transplacental infection of fetuses leads to mummification and stillbirth. So far, PCV2-RD has mainly been described in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds or farms with a high proportion of gilts. From December 2018 to February 2019, a high abundance of mummified fetuses (15.5%) was observed in two farrowing groups in an Austrian piglet-producing farm. PCV2 DNA was detected using qPCR in organs of all six investigated fetuses (2.07 × 108–1.09 × 1012 PCV2) genome equivalents/g tissue and via in situ hybridisation in organs from five fetuses, while histologic lesions were not observed in a single fetal heart. All isolates were sequenced and identified as PCV2d. After the implementation of a regular vaccination of all sows against PCV2, the abundance of mummified fetuses dropped to 3.5% in May 2019. In contrast to previous reports about PCV2-RD, this farm was neither an SPF herd nor a start-up herd with a high proportion of gilts. The implementation of regular PCV2 vaccination helped to reduce the abundance of mummified fetuses substantially.

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Reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria required for PCV2 reproductive disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context

Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context

Pluck-pools as diagnostic samples for detecting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in porcine abortion material and stillbirths

Reproductive failure in an Austrian piglet-producing farm due to porcine circovirus genotype 2d

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