Reconnoitring the Status of Prostate Specific Antigen and its Role in Women

Dash, Prakruti

doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0451-3

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…However, other studies have not been able to demonstrate prognostic value, despite promising results when PSA is measured in tissue samples from the tumor ( 187 , 188 ). In general, using circulating PSA as a biomarker for breast cancer among women remains a challenge, as PSA levels are very low compared to men, and often undetectable ( 106 ). Although more sensitive assays are being developed ( 104 ), further research with large cohorts of patients is required before this marker is used routinely in breast cancer management.…”

Section: Measurements In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

et al. 2021

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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Over the last four decades, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have improved substantially, giving patients with localized disease a better chance of cure, and those with more advanced cancer, longer periods of disease control and survival. However, understanding and managing heterogeneity in the clinical response exhibited by patients remains a challenge. For some treatments, biomarkers are available to inform therapeutic options, assess pathological response and predict clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, some measurements are not employed universally and lack sensitivity and specificity, which might be influenced by tissue-specific alterations associated with aging and lifestyle. The first part of this article summarizes available and emerging biomarkers for clinical use, such as measurements that can be made in tumor biopsies or blood samples, including so-called liquid biopsies. The second part of this article outlines underappreciated factors that could influence the interpretation of these clinical measurements and affect treatment outcomes. For example, it has been shown that both adiposity and physical activity can modify the characteristics of tumors and surrounding tissues. In addition, evidence shows that inflammaging and immunosenescence interact with treatment and clinical outcomes and could be considered prognostic and predictive factors independently. In summary, changes to blood and tissues that reflect aging and patient characteristics, including lifestyle, are not commonly considered clinically or in research, either for practical reasons or because the supporting evidence base is developing. Thus, an aim of this article is to encourage an integrative phenomic approach in oncology research and clinical management.

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Section: Measurements In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

et al. 2021

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“…The prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was believed to be produced exclusively by prostatic epithelial cells, and it was considered the biochemical marker of prostatic cancer (Carlsson & Vickers, 2020 ). However, circumstantial evidence confirmed that, in both women and men, other tissues and organs express PSA (Dash, 2015 ; Eklund et al., 2017 ; Musrap & Diamandis, 2016 ; Pérez‐Ibave et al., 2018 ). Now, it is widely accepted that PSA is not prostate‐specific (Mashkoor et al., 2013 ); hence, its screening utility has been questioned (Filella, 2020 ; Gandaglia et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, circumstantial evidence confirmed that, in both women and men, other tissues and organs express PSA (Dash, 2015;Eklund et al, 2017;Musrap & Diamandis, 2016;Pérez-Ibave et al, 2018). Now, it is widely accepted that PSA is not prostate-specific (Mashkoor et al, 2013); hence, its screening utility has been questioned (Filella, 2020;Gandaglia et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate‐specific antigen: An unfamiliar protein in the human salivary glands

Isola,

Maxia,

Murtas

et al. 2023

Journal of Anatomy

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ObjectivesThe presence of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in saliva and salivary glands has been reported. Nevertheless, its release pathway in these glands remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed PSA subcellular distribution focusing on its plausible route in human salivary parenchyma.Materials and MethodsSections of parotid and submandibular glands were subjected to the immunohistochemical demonstration of PSA by the streptavidin–biotin method revealed by alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, ultrathin sections were collected on nickel grids and processed for immunocytochemical analysis, to visualize the intracellular distribution pattern of PSA through the observation by transmission electron microscopy.ResultsBy immunohistochemistry, in both parotid and submandibular glands PSA expression was detected in serous secretory acini and striated ducts. By immunocytochemistry, immunoreactivity was retrieved in the cytoplasmic compartment of acinar and ductal cells, often associated with small cytoplasmic vesicles. PSA labeling appeared also on rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the acini's lumen. A negligible PSA labeling appeared in most of the secretory granules of both glands.ConclusionsOur findings clearly support that human parotid and submandibular glands are involved in PSA secretion. Moreover, based on the immunoreactivity pattern, its release in oral cavity would probably occur by minor regulated secretory or constitutive‐like secretory pathways.

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“…The central zone is resistant to both inflammation and carcinoma (3) . Stem cells reside in the basal epithelial cell compartment and are the foundation for all other types of cells in the epithelium and neuroendocrine cells, where testosterone is converted to more potent 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via 5α -reductase (4,5) . Approximately 70-90 percent of total PSA is present as a complexed form in serum Free PSA (fPSA) associated with various different endogenous protease inhibitors that prevent damage to PSA protease function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dihydrotestosterone and Free/Total Prostatic Specific Antigen Ratio in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Prostatic Disease

Lara Balasim Al-Dahy,

Basil O. Mohammed,

Saad Dakhil F. Daraji

et al. 2021

Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

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Background: Both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (Pca) include prostate enlargement. The second most common cancer among men worldwide is prostate cancer. It has been documented that by the time they reach their 60s, most men will experience benign prostatic hyperplasia. There is a real difficulty differentiating between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, the prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is not used as a reliable marker of prostate cancer. It is a specific biomarker measure specific to prostate tissues and not prostate cancer. Aims In the analysis of the gray zone of tPSA (4-10 ng/ml), add these biochemical markers and differentiate the root cause of prostate tumor in order to minimize painful and intrusive prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional and case control study. It included 110 patients ages range (45-81 years) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n=55) and prostate cancer (n=55). Forty -five apparently healthy subjects were also included as controls. Peripheral blood samples from controls and patients were collected before obtaining a prostatic biopsy from patients. Serum samples were used for measurements of total Prostate Specific Antigen (tPSA), Free Prostate Specific Antigen (fPSA), and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by using ELISA technique. Result: Mean (±SD) serum tPSA and fPSA values for Pca were substantially improved compared to both BPH and control (p=0.001 for all), while mean fPSA/ tPSA values for PCa were significantly decreased compared to BPH and control values (p=0.001). In PCa, the mean +SD value of the DHT ratios was significantly lower than in each BHP, and controls (P<0.001) were significantly lower in PCa than in each BHP and regulation (P<0.001). The mean DHT values for BPH were significantly higher as compared to control values (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The level of serum tPSA is 4.2 ng/ml for prostate tumor screening, while 10.1 ng/ml for PCa and BPH differentiation.

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Reconnoitring the Status of Prostate Specific Antigen and its Role in Women

Cited by 9 publications

References 69 publications

A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

Prostate‐specific antigen: An unfamiliar protein in the human salivary glands

Dihydrotestosterone and Free/Total Prostatic Specific Antigen Ratio in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Prostatic Disease

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