Reconfigurable Magnetic Microswarm for Accelerating tPA-Mediated Thrombolysis Under Ultrasound Imaging

Wang, Qianqian; Jin, Dongdong; Wang, Ben; Xia, Neng; Ko, Ho; Ip, Bonaventure; Leung, Thomas Wai Hong; Yu, Simon Chun Ho; Zhang, Li

doi:10.1109/tmech.2021.3103994

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, to improve the adaptability of the swarm for more complicated working environments, active controllable deformation and reconfiguration are more worthy of studying. [188,189] Z. Zhou et al applied dual-frequency acoustic signal on an aluminum substrate, the nodal point at the interaction of the two nodal lines could attract and trap particles to form a swarm. [179] By adjusting the ratio between the amplitude of the two acoustic signals, the swarm would elongate or contract accordingly.…”

Section: Reconfiguration and Deformation Of Swarmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control and Autonomy of Microrobots: Recent Progress and Perspective

Jiang

Yang

Ferreira

et al. 2022

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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After decades of development, microrobots have exhibited great application potential in the biomedical field, such as minimally invasive surgery, drug delivery, and bio‐sensing. Compared with conventional medical robotic systems, microrobots may be capable of reaching more narrow and vulnerable regions in the human body with minimal damage. However, limited by the small scale of microrobots, microprocessors, power supplies, and sensors can hardly be integrated on‐board. Thus, new strategies for the actuation and feedback for microrobots need to be explored. Furthermore, the open‐loop control method accomplished by operators may lack accuracy, and long‐duration operation could bring a severe physical challenge in many applications. Consequently, the automatic control of microrobots with the aid of control theories is developed to improve the control efficiency and precision. To further promote the automation level of microrobots, machine learning algorithms are expected to provide a solution to let microrobots adapt to more dynamic environments and undertake more complex medical tasks. Herein, a systematic introduction of the manipulation of microrobots from open‐loop to closed‐loop control is given in this review. It is envisioned that microrobots will play an important role in future biomedical applications.

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Section: Reconfiguration and Deformation Of Swarmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control and Autonomy of Microrobots: Recent Progress and Perspective

Jiang

Yang

Ferreira

et al. 2022

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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“…More recently, Zhang and coworkers reported a magnetic field‐propelled microswarm constitute of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles for the dissolution of thrombus. [ 110 ] Guided by ultrasound imaging and adjusted by an oscillating H , the microswarm could be navigated toward clot regions and deformed to adapt to different widths of blood clots. Experimental results showed that the three‐dimensional (3D) flow generated by the microswarm could enhance the fluid convection and shear stress around the blood clots.…”

Section: Biomedical Applications Of Nanomotorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial nanomotors: Fabrication, locomotion characterization, motion manipulation, and biomedical applications

Wang

Hao

Gao

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Materials

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Artificial nanomotors are nanoscale machines capable of converting surrounding other energy into mechanical motion and thus entering the tissues and cells of organisms. They hold great potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of diseases by actively targeting the lesion location, though there are many new challenges that arise with decreasing the size to nanoscale. This review summarizes and comments on the state-of-the-art artificial nanomotors with advantages and limitations. It starts with the fabrication methods, including common physical vapor deposition and colloidal chemistry methods, followed by the locomotion characterization and motion manipulation. Then, the in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications are introduced in detail. The challenges and future prospects are discussed at the end.

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“…Additionally, benefiting from swarming, the magnetization strength, imaging signal, cargo-loading capacity, and other quantity-dependent properties of the magnetic particles are substantially enhanced on site. [7,[8][9][10][11]13,14] The threefold advantages mentioned above make magnetically-assembled swarms promising for various biomedical applications, e.g., biopsy, targeted delivery, and minimally-invasive surgery. For instance, significant progress has been made in targeted delivery using magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) particles, which are potential diagnostic/therapeutic agents featuring high biosafety, easy functionalization, and superior actuation performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, significant progress has been made in targeted delivery using magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) particles, which are potential diagnostic/therapeutic agents featuring high biosafety, easy functionalization, and superior actuation performance. [2][3][4]9,11,13,14] Previous studies have demonstrated swarming of Fe 3 O 4 particles in biological fluids, [13] transport of thrombolytic drug by swarming-induced microfluidic effects, [14] and possible endovascular delivery under ultrasound monitoring. [9] This work aims to exploit the potential of magnetic swarms comprising pharmacologically functionalized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles for fast treatment of thrombus in vivo, which is a global health issue that costs millions of lives each year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior works on magnetic micro-/nanomotors for thrombus therapy have focused on their assistive roles in enhancing drug diffusion [21,22] or introducing interfacial flows. [14] Such efforts made progress in accelerating the thrombolytic efficacy, but the concentration of thrombolytic drug needed was still too high compared to clinical dosage, hindering potential applications in vivo. Therefore, further integration of the drug agents and the assisting motors is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic Integration and Pharmacomechanical Function of Enzyme‐Magnetite Nanoparticle Swarms for Low‐Dose Fast Thrombolysis

Tang

Manamanchaiyaporn

Zhou

et al. 2022

Small

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Magnetic micro‐/nanoparticles are extensively explored over the past decade as active diagnostic/therapeutic agents for minimally invasive medicine. However, sufficient function integration on these miniaturized bodies toward practical applications remains challenging. This work proposes a synergistic strategy via integrating particle functionalization and bioinspired swarming, demonstrated by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator modified magnetite nanoparticles (rtPA‐Fe3O4 NPs) for fast thrombolysis in vivo with low drug dosage. The synthesized rtPA‐Fe3O4 NPs exhibit superior magnetic performance, high biocompatibility, and thrombolytic enzyme activity. Benefiting from a customized magnetic operation system designed for animal experiments and preclinical development, these agglomeration‐free NPs can assemble into micro‐/milli‐scale swarms capable of robust maneuver and reconfigurable transformation for on‐demand tasks in complex biofluids. Specifically, the spinning mode of the swarm exerts focused fluid shear stresses while rubbing on the thrombus surface, constituting a mechanical force for clot breakdown. The synergy of the NPs’ inherent enzymatic effect and swarming‐triggered fluid forces enables amplified efficacy of thrombolysis in an in vivo occlusion model of rabbit carotid artery, using lower drug concentration than clinical dosage. Furthermore, swarming‐enhanced ultrasound signals aid in imaging‐guided treatment. Therefore, the pharmacomechanical NP swarms herein represent an injectable thrombolytic tool joining advantages of intravenous drug therapy and robotic intervention.

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Reconfigurable Magnetic Microswarm for Accelerating tPA-Mediated Thrombolysis Under Ultrasound Imaging

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Control and Autonomy of Microrobots: Recent Progress and Perspective

Control and Autonomy of Microrobots: Recent Progress and Perspective

Artificial nanomotors: Fabrication, locomotion characterization, motion manipulation, and biomedical applications

Synergistic Integration and Pharmacomechanical Function of Enzyme‐Magnetite Nanoparticle Swarms for Low‐Dose Fast Thrombolysis

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