Reconfigurable Holographic Surface-Enabled Multi-User Wireless Communications: Amplitude-Controlled Holographic Beamforming

Integrated Sensing, Localization, and Communication in Holographic MIMO-enabled Wireless Network: A Deep Learning Approach

“…However, this paper did not provide any technical analysis of the hybrid beamforming scheme for binary amplitude-controlled holographic beamforming. The authors of [28] extended the work with the consideration of the receive combining of the user where radiation amplitude of the grid controlled the holographic beamforming for serving users in multi-user wireless communication system [3]. However, this work did not consider integrated sensing, localization, and communication for generating holographic beamforming.…”

“…The increasing number of mobile devices and applications require noble communication paradigms to satisfy new user requirements for the next-generation wireless communication networks [2]. Although massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) holds the capability to ensure larger network dimension with the advantage of spatial diversity, it faces the limitation of controlling the phased arrays, which makes the mMIMOs insufficient to mitigate the above challenging issues [3]. The phased arrays of the mMIMOs need numerous power amplifiers and phase shifters for handling the complicated phase-shifting circuits in order to generate the desired beamforming.…”

“…On the contrary, IRS requires a control link with the transmitter for the reconstruction of the radiation amplitude as the RF front-end is incorporated on the outside of the surface [13]. Therefore, RHS can be considered as transmitter and receiver antennas, whereas, IRS can be used as relays [3]. Therefore, every grid of the HGA can control the radiation amplitude of the reference signals and act as a transmitter/receiver antenna incorporated with the transceiver in order to generate required beamforming in the desired directions for serving the heterogeneous users [14], [15].…”

“…Therefore, every grid of the HGA can control the radiation amplitude of the reference signals and act as a transmitter/receiver antenna incorporated with the transceiver in order to generate required beamforming in the desired directions for serving the heterogeneous users [14], [15]. The RHS enables the compact design of the HGA utilizing the PCB (printed circuit board) technology, where electromagnetic wave, i.e., reference wave produced by the RHS's feed propagates along the metamaterial and emanates energy from the radiation elements [3]. The metamaterial enables the RHS to create a holographic pattern on the surface of the RHS that records the interference between the required object wave and the reference wave leveraging the holographic interference principle [16]- [18].…”

“…Based on the sensing information of the users, HGAs can activate the minimum number of grids to allocate the required minimum communication resources, i.e., power to the communication users to generate the holographic beamforming for serving the users in the desired direction [19]. Therefore, utilizing the integrated sensing, localization, and communication in holographic MIMO, the communication performances can be improved with lower power consumption and higher signal-tointerference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) that ensure the generation of the effective holographic beamforming for serving the heterogeneous users [3], [8], [9], [22]. In addition, holographic grids assisted mMIMO can be incorporated with the millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications system to improve the communication performances of the next-generation wireless networks by means of effective holographic beamforming [23], [24].…”