Recommended Standards for the Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiographic Screening for Structural Heart Intervention: From the American Society of Echocardiography

3D Intracardiac Echocardiography in Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair

“… 2 , 3 To understand mitral valve disease, anatomy, flow dynamics, and severity of regurgitation, comprehensive 2-dimensional (2D) or 3D TEE has become the gold-standard. 4 ICE is a versatile imaging modality with extensive utility across cardiac interventions, including shunt closure, left atrial appendage closure, and electrophysiology. 5 However, until recent advancements, 3D ICE could not replicate TEE, particularly for color Doppler resolution, large field of view, and advanced software that permits biplane imaging and real-time 3D reconstruction.…”

Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Etiology and Mechanism of Native Aortic Valve Regurgitation

“…Previous cohorts of patients undergoing surgical intervention for AR have reported the presence of more than one mechanism in 36%-70% of patients, with the most frequent combination as types Ib and II. 1 , 9 Multiple mechanisms of AR appear more common in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve relative to those with trileaflet valves. 10 For illustrative purposes, we have provided a series of cases with one specific mechanism subtype in trileaflet valves, acknowledging that in reality there are additional complexities in many instances.…”

Advances in Procedural Echocardiographic Imaging in Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Mitral Regurgitation

“…This limitation becomes important when commissural MR is treated, as the proper clip arm orientation is rotated to maintain perpendicularity to the line of coaptation at the commissures, where the bicommissural view and the optimal leaflet grasping views are non-orthogonal. In the recently updated version of x-plane imaging, combination of plane tilting and rotation is unlimited, allowing flexible multiplane evaluation with scan planes aligned to cardiac structures with non-orthogonal views when required ( 11 ) ( Supplementary Figure 1 ).…”

“…Conventional MPR is performed offline after the 3D data sets are acquired and stored. Live 3D MPR is a new 3D visualization tool that allows free MPR manipulation during real-time imaging for structure/device alignment and measurements ( 11 , 12 ). Use of live 3D MPR allows simultaneous display of multiple imaging planes (typically two long-axis views and one short-axis view), as well as a 3D en face view, without or with color Doppler.…”