Recommended nuclear data for medical radioisotope production: diagnostic positron emitters

Abstract

An IAEA coordinated research project that began in 2012 and ended in 2016 was primarily dedicated to the compilation, evaluation and recommendation of cross-section data for the production of medical radionuclides. One significant part of this work focused on diagnostic positron emitters. These particular studies consist of 69 reactions for direct and indirect or generator production of 44 Sc(44 Ti), 52m Mn(52 Fe), 52g Mn, 55 Co, 61 Cu, 62 Cu(62 Zn), 66 Ga, 68 Ga(68 Ge), 72 As(72 Se), 73 Se, 76 Br, 82 Rb(82 Sr), 82m Rb, 86 Y, 89 Zr, 90 Nb, 94m Tc, 110m In(110 Sn), 118 Sb(118 Te), 120 I, 122 I(122 Xe), 128 Cs(128 Ba), and 140 Pr(140 Nd) medical radionuclides. The resulting reference cross-section data were obtained from Padé fits to selected and corrected experimental data, and integral thick target yields were subsequently deduced. Uncertainties in the fitted results were estimated via a Padé least-squares method with the addition of a 4% assessed systematic uncertainty. Experimental data were also compared with theoretical predictions available from the TENDL-2015 and TENDL-2017 libraries. All of the numerical reference cross-section data with their corresponding uncertainties and deduced integral thick target yields are available on-line at the IAEA-NDS medical portal www-nds.iaea.org/medic alpor tal and also at the IAEA-NDS web page www-nds.iaea.org/ medic al/posit ron_emitt ers.html.

Can We Extract Production Cross-Sections from Thick Target Yield Measurements? A Case Study Using Scandium Radioisotopes

“…In Figures 1-5, we show the TTY data and the reconstructed cross-sections for 43 Ca(p,n) 43 Sc,44 Ca(p,n) 44g Sc, 44 Ca(p,n) 44m Sc, 48 Ca(p,2n) 47 Sc and 48 Ca(p,n) 48 Sc reactions (the fit parameters are shown in Table 2 while the reconstructed cross-section values are listed in Table 3). We compare them with the experimental cross-section in [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], with the recommended values from [36], with the predictions of the EMPIRE [37] evaporation code (version 3.2.2 Malta) and with the TENDL-2017 cross-section library [38]. All reconstructions exhibit a similar shape to the model predictions and measured cross-section values, indicating the validity of modified q-Weibull distribution in estimating the global shape of the (p,n) and (p,2n) excitation functions.…”

“…Reconstruction of 44 Ca(p,n) 44g Sc cross-section (bottom) based on the fit to TTY data on 44 CaCO 3 enriched in 94.8% 44 Ca (top). The cross-section data points are taken from[26,29,[31][32][33][34]36].…”

Electrochemical deposition of nickel targets from aqueous electrolytes for medical radioisotope production in accelerators: a review

“…NH 4 OH was added to acidic baths as pH regulator (11) Involves the following steps: concentration of the solution by heating, dissolution of the residue in concentrated HNO 3 , evaporation of the liquid, dissolution of the salt in concentrated H 2 SO 4 , concentration of the latter solution (12) Involves the following steps: dissolution in HNO , evaporation of the acid and dissolution of the residue in H SO (13) ca. 1 g of dissolved Ni, used for determination of the excitation function, not applied for production of medical radioisotopes (14) Measured vs. Hg|Hg 2 SO 4 reference electrode (15) Surfactant-dodecyl-poly-ethylene-oxide-ether [147] influence on the plating efficiency [55,91]. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of the surface and layers next to the surface of Ni deposited from a bath containing H 3 BO 3 shows that boron is present only in the bottom layers of the deposit, i.e.…”

A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb

“…It should be pointed out that the inherent success of any production strategy requires precise nuclear data [46][47][48]. Between 2012 and 2016, extensive nuclear data studies were carried within a research project, coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) consisting of compilation, evaluation, and recommendation of cross-section data for the production of medical radionuclides [49,50]. As a result, considerable extensions and valuable improvements have been made to the IAEA-NDS recommended cross-section database for the production of PET and gamma-emitting radionuclides.…”