Recommendations for Toxicological Investigations of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults

LeBeau, Marc A.; Andollo, Wilmo; Hearn, William Lee; Baselt, Randall C.; Cone, Edward J.; Finkle, Bryan S.; Fraser, David A.; Jenkins, Amanda J.; Mayer, Jochen; Negrusz, Adam; Poklis, Alphonse; Walls, H. Chip; Raymon, Lionel P.; Robertson, Medearis; Saady, Joseph J.

doi:10.1520/jfs14442j

Cited by 148 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The analysis of the vomit may also be useful to an investigation. 259 Collect and preserve according to jurisdictional policy.…”

Section: Alcohol and Drug-facilitated Sexual Assaultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Office on Violence Against Women

Onieal¹

2006

Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior and the Law

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AcknowledgmentsMany individuals contributed their skills and expertise to the development of this protocol. Special appreciation goes to Kristin Littel, who served as the primary writer and researcher for the protocol. We would also like to thank the Office for Victims of Crime for initiating this project and for providing feedback and guidance throughout the drafting process. We are grateful to all of the women and men who gave their time and energy to attend the focus groups, participate in the conference calls, and review numerous drafts of the protocol; their efforts greatly enhanced the final product. We are particularly grateful for the assistance of Gail Burns Smith who, in addition to participating in focus groups and conference calls and submitting insightful comments on drafts, also was responsible for suggesting and organizing conference calls with victims to ensure the victim-centeredness of the protocol.ii iii

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“…The analysis of the vomit may also be useful to an investigation. 259 Collect and preserve according to jurisdictional policy.…”

Section: Alcohol and Drug-facilitated Sexual Assaultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Office on Violence Against Women

Onieal¹

2006

Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior and the Law

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“…In the last 15 years GHB (and its related analogues such as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)) has been linked to cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), more commonly termed "date-rape" (7)(8)(9)(10). In such cases toxicological proof of GHB administration is difficult due to its endogenous nature (0.2 -1 mg/L in urine), and rapid elimination from the body (half-life 20 -45 min), which results in a return to baseline concentrations in urine after only 8 hours post-administration (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations Associated with GHB Administration

et al. 2016

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The administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been reported to augment the increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion associated with the onset of sleep. The ability of GHB to stimulate GH production in the absence of sleep in both male and female volunteers was investigated as part of a GHB administration study.Twelve healthy volunteers (6 men and 6 women) were given a small oral dose (25 mg/kg) of GHB (as Xyrem®) at 10:00 h. Basal blood samples (as serum) were taken 10 min prior to GHB administration, with additional samples taken at 10,15,20,25,30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min post-administration. The serum concentrations of GHB were measured by GC-MS and GH by immunometric assay.Following GHB administration, volunteers exhibited effects consistent with mild sedation, i.e. relaxed with normal responses to verbal stimuli. Despite none being asleep, an increase in serum GH concentration occurred in 11 out of the 12 volunteers (5 women and 6 men). In these volunteers, peak GH concentrations occurred 45 -60 min post-administration compared to a mean serum t max for GHB of 23 min (sd = 5.4 min). The absolute increase in GH was similar for the men and women, averaging 3.4 ng/mL and 3.7 ng/mL respectively. The mean intra-individual increase in GH was much greater in males (29 times) compared with females (2 times), as males had (as expected) lower basal GH concentrations (mean = 0.26 ng/mL) compared to females (mean = 5.4 ng/mL). After maximising, the GH C max decreased rapidly (in agreement with GHB concentrations), returning to basal concentrations at around 90 -120 min post-administration. GHB administration at low therapeutic concentrations results in increases in serum GH concentrations in healthy male and female volunteers in the absence of sleep onset.3

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“…While Rohypnol ® (flunitrazepam) and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) are frequently mentioned in the media, a wide variety of compounds are used in the commission of such crimes. 9,10,11,12 Criminals in these cases chose a drug that creates the desired physiological effects on a victim such as confusion, drowsiness, impaired judgment and memory, and loss of consciousness, among others.…”

Section: Prevalence In Drug Facilitated Sexual Assaultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 When screening for benzodiazepines in urine, additional sample preparation is often required due to the high presence of glucuronidated conjugates over free drug in urine. 5,3,10 These conjugates reduce sensitive in immunoassays as a result of the presence of both the undetectable conjugate and the free drug. In order to remove the drug from the conjugate, enzyme hydrolysis with glucuronidase, often a one to two hour process, is recommended.…”

Section: Immunoassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reported by the International Narcotic Control Board, benzodiazepines rank amongst the most widely and frequently prescribed medications in the world 4 , making them readily available for use in DFSA. [9][10][11][12] Therefore, the ability to detect these compounds is critical to toxicologists today in order to determine the type of drug used in the cases of DFSA.…”

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Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urine

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Recommendations for Toxicological Investigations of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults

Cited by 148 publications

References 15 publications

Office on Violence Against Women

Office on Violence Against Women

Increases in Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations Associated with GHB Administration

Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urine

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