Recommendations for Standards in Transthoracic Two‐dimensional Echocardiography in the Dog and Cat*

Abstract

Recommendations are presented for standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two‐dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Three transducer locations (“windows”) provide access to consistent imaging planes: the right parasternal location, the left caudal (apical) parasternal location, and the left cranial parasternal location. Recommendations for image display orientations are very similar to those for comparable human cardiac images, with the heart base or cranial aspect of the heart displayed to the examiner's right on the video display. From the right parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis four‐chamber view and a long‐axis left ventricular outflow view, and short‐axis views at the levels of the left ventricular apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, mitral valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary arteries. From the left caudal (apical) location, standard views include long‐axis two‐chamber and four‐chamber views. From the left cranial parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract and ascending aorta (with variations to image the right atrium and tricuspid valve, and the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery), and a short‐axis view of the aortic root encircled by the right heart. These images are presented by means of idealized line drawings. Adoption of these standards should facilitate consistent performance, recording, teaching, and communicating results of studies obtained by two‐dimensional echocardiography.

Avaliação ecodopplercardiográfica da função diastólica em cães da raça Boxer

“…Para a realização do modo bidimensional, seguiram-se as recomendações do Colégio Americano de Medicina Interna Veterinária e do Colégio de Cardiologia Veterinária (Thomas et al, 1993). Foram avaliadas as câmaras cardíacas e a contratilidade miocárdica.…”

Sustained cardiomyocyte apoptosis and left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in experimental diabetes

“…Two-dimensional echocardiographical measurements were carried out using a 7-10 MHz phased array sector probe. LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was determined from parasternal projections [8]. Interstitial collagen volume fraction was determined with picrosirius red method from four different slices of Direct Red 80 (Fluka Chemika, Switzerland) stained left ventricular sections under polarized light.…”

Echocardiographic evaluation of the left atrium of healthy dogs using the conventional M-mode and the bidimensional mode

“…Foram utilizados 40 cães adultos, não sedados, entre um, cinco e sete anos de idade, sendo 14 machos e 26 fêmeas (12 machos inteiros, dois machos castrados, 17 fêmeas castradas e nove fêmeas inteiras), com diferentes definições raciais e pesos corpóreos (de 3,2kg a 38,3kg (Thomas et al, 1993) e American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), com as adaptações sugeridas por Boon (1998) (Fig. 1).…”

“…Planos padronizados de imagem foram descritos para a ecocardiografia bidimensional em cães (Thomas et al,1993) com base no que já havia sido descrito na medicina humana. A avaliação da doença cardíaca esquerda, em geral, inclui a mensuração do tamanho do AE (Kienle e Thomas, 2002), que permite identificar a gravidade da doença cardíaca e o risco de se desenvolver insuficiência cardíaca congestiva esquerda (ICCE).…”