Recommendations for revising the energy label system for dishwashers: supporting sustainable development and usage through the interaction of energy labels, technical improvements and consumer behaviour

Heat recovery and energy savings from the graywater of household appliances, such as dishwashers and washing machines, can encourage people to avoid the unhealthily long hours of hand dishwashing. In this experimental study, the size of energy saving that could be obtained from a domestic dishwasher with a wire on a tube heat exchanger attached was investigated. The study results validated that heat recovery from graywater is possible and equivalent to annual electricity savings of 53.48 kWh. The efficiency of the dishwasher can be increased to approximately 16% by saving energy, and the economic value of efficiency increase can be $5.88 per year. With all fittings, pipes, and fixing equipment, the heat exchanger cost was also calculated to be $35 per machine, and the payback period is 5.94 years per machine. The payback period can be shortened by achieving lower production costs with mass production. Furthermore, the possible reduction of CO2 emission by saving electrical energy was estimated to be 26.74 kg. In Turkey, nearly 8 million units of dishwashers are in domestic use, the size of the annual energy saving can be 427.84 GWh, and the economic value is $47.04 M. By energy saving, approximately 213.92 kt/year less CO2 released. Practitioner points Graywater heat recovery with a wire on a tube heat exchanger was studied experimentally. The energy consumption and processing time of a household dishwasher is shortened by graywater heat recovery. With the decrease in energy consumption, a reduction was achieved in the CO2 emission released during the energy generation.

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“…In Table 3, the presented classification parameter energy efficiency index ( EEI ) is defined in Brunzell and Renström (2020) as in Equation ().

E E I = \frac{A E_{c}}{S A E_{c}} \times 100

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Table 3, the presented classification parameter energy efficiency index (EEI) is defined in Brunzell and Renström (2020) as in Equation ( 15). AE c designates the annual energy consumption, and SAE c is the standard annual energy consumption of the dishwasher.…”

Section: Energy Classification and Labeling Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of greywater thermal energy with a wire on a tube heat exchanger attached to a dishwasher

Selimli

Abajja

2021

Water Environment Research

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“…Research [11,12] indicates that consumer behaviours underpin many complex environmental problems and that interventions targeting consumer behaviours offer a cost-effective approach to energy conservation [13][14][15].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Encourage Energy Savings Behaviours? The Most Effective Incentives from the Perspective of European Consumers

2021

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Ongoing climate change and increasing energy consumption are becoming a serious threat to international development efforts. To ensure a secure and sustainable future, local, national and regional authorities, as well as energy companies, need to be involved in improving energy efficiency and promoting rational energy use. The consumer is always at the centre of interest of policy and energy reduction strategies makers. It is their behaviour, motives and beliefs that can lead to optimised and economical energy management. This paper responds to the need to identify the individual preferences of energy consumers. The presented research fills an existing gap in the literature by analysing the strength of the influence of different types of instruments and external stimuli shaping pro-environmental attitudes of consumers of different behavioural types. The analysis presented in this paper is the result of the next stage of the authors’ research on energy consumers modelling, their segmentation and comprehensive characteristics. The analysis was conducted on a representative sample of N = 4332 respondents from 8 European countries (Czech Republic, France, Greece, Spain, Germany, Poland, Romania, and the United Kingdom). The study used multivariate statistical methods, such as: Correspondence Analysis, Factor Analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test. These methods are adequate to the assumptions of the research procedure and allowed for the identification of 4 latent factors that link the incentives into groups, where the motivation to save energy is based on: information (“Information and Knowledge”), social norms (“Social Influence”), investment funding (“Investments”) and energy price changes (“Energy Price”). In addition, the level of effectiveness of the studied incentives and motivators depends on the behavioural type of energy consumers and increases with rising levels of their intrinsic pro-environmental motivation.

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“…It has evolved from its invention as a wooden machine containing a hand-cranked wheel in 1850, to a gas-powered contraption in 1911, to a freestanding equipment with permanent plumbing in 1920; and from 1950 onwards, quite Sustainability 2022, 14, 10302 2 of 21 phenomenally, to the highly advanced white good in application today [3]. Close to 80% of households in the USA [4]) and 44% of households in the EU [5] avail of the services of these appliances, which account for a small but not insignificant share of household material stocks, domestic water and energy usage, and thereby the wastewater loads on treatment plants. Machine dishwashers have not been able to make a conspicuous foray into cities of the developing world as yet-less than 10% in Asia and Latin America as of 2017, as reported in [6]-however, they are more commonly used in hotels and hospitals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dishwashers: Literature Review to Summarise the Multi-Dimensionality of Sustainable Production and Consumption

Govindarajan

2022

Sustainability

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An automatic dishwasher is a water-using, energy-demanding contraption with 40–50 different component parts fashioned out of different materials—metals and non-metals—which over the last 70 years has evolved in its role as a comfort-enhancing, convenience-providing, time-saving white good in the kitchen of the modern urban household, especially in the countries of the developed world. Its lifecycle, which spans about 12–13 years on average, lends itself to research in a variety of sustainability aspects—politico-legal/regulatory, economic, environmental, social and techno-functional—and fields—thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, acoustics, economics, chemistry, microbiology, materials science, design engineering, wastewater treatment, energy engineering, consumer behaviour, and, of late, sustainable consumption and production. The end goal of this review is to present the automatic dishwasher—almost ubiquitous and taken-for-granted in the western world these days—as a candidate for progressive research and development, resulting in its continued evolution. The author facilitates this by providing an overview of the different aspects of sustainability addressed by researchers thus far. It at once reinforces the importance of transdisciplinary research, finds answers to a clutch of ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘where’, ‘how’, ‘who’, and ‘when’ questions, and reminds us that improvement/s in one aspect must not undermine or thwart those in any of the others. It is the first of its kind, as far as the automatic dishwasher is concerned; it is a well-structured review of 84 peer-reviewed journal publications focusing on the dishwasher, accessed through Scopus and contacting researchers through ResearchGate, spanning the time period 1980–2021, originating in 21 countries (with Germany leading the pack, with 22% of the publications), and sourced from 63 different journals. Over a 16-year period between 1998 and 2014, both the energy use and water consumption of dishwashers decreased by well over 40%. Consumers in the USA, reportedly, are willing to pay up to 90% more for a higher-rated dishwasher. Interestingly, a publication from Germany states that manual dishwashing, if done in accordance with the Best Practice Tips (recommended by another German study), can have a 20% lower environmental footprint than automatic dishwashers.

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Recommendations for revising the energy label system for dishwashers: supporting sustainable development and usage through the interaction of energy labels, technical improvements and consumer behaviour

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Recovery of greywater thermal energy with a wire on a tube heat exchanger attached to a dishwasher

Recovery of greywater thermal energy with a wire on a tube heat exchanger attached to a dishwasher

How to Encourage Energy Savings Behaviours? The Most Effective Incentives from the Perspective of European Consumers

Dishwashers: Literature Review to Summarise the Multi-Dimensionality of Sustainable Production and Consumption

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