Recommendations for Reporting Research About Racial Disparities in Medical and Scientific Journals

Duncan, Andrea F.; Montoya-Williams, Diana

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5718

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Race is a sociopolitical construct, rather than a biological variable, and thus can serve as a proxy for the impact of racist practices and structural inequality (Bryant et al, 2022), although using it as a proxy for unmeasured variables requires considerable thought. We need to appreciate the clear guidance provided by experts, reminding the field to shift habits and rethink training when necessary to ensure we are not including race or ethnicity as a "covariate" to capture unmeasured biological differences, not interpreting covariates if they ARE included to address social confounding, and to be sure to not examine group differences by default, without a clear a priori rationale for why processes might differ between cultural groups and a robust modeling framework to specifically test that question (Cogua et al, 2019;Duncan & Montoya-Williams, 2024).…”

Section: Confusion About When To Include Race/ethnicity In Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming the next generation of prenatal programming of stress research: A review and suggestions for the future of the field

Bush

2024

Dev Psychopathol

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In this article, I highlight core ideas, empirical findings, and advances in the study of how stress during pregnancy may prenatally program child neurodevelopmental, psychopathological, and health outcomes, emphasizing reviews, metanalyses, and recent contributions of conceptual and empirical work. The article offers a perspective on the history of this area of science, the underrecognized contributions of influential scholars from diverse fields of study, what we know from the evidence to date, the persistent challenges in sorting through what is left to learn, and suggestions for future research. I include sections focused on promoting resilience, pregnancy interventions that demonstrate positive effects across two generations, and the translational implications of the accruing data for practice and policy, highlighting opportunities for integrating across a range of fields and sectors. In the concluding sections, I discuss lessons learned from conducting this work and provide a closing summary of progress and future directions. The goal of this writing was to provide a viewpoint on some ways that emerging intergenerational transmission scholars might responsibly contribute to the future of the field of developmental psychopathology.

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Section: Confusion About When To Include Race/ethnicity In Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming the next generation of prenatal programming of stress research: A review and suggestions for the future of the field

Bush

2024

Dev Psychopathol

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Neighborhood Food Access in Early Life and Trajectories of Child Body Mass Index and Obesity

Aris,

Wu,

Lin

et al. 2024

JAMA Pediatr

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ImportanceLimited access to healthy foods, resulting from residence in neighborhoods with low food access, is a public health concern. The contribution of this exposure in early life to child obesity remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo examine associations of neighborhood food access during pregnancy or early childhood with child body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData from cohorts participating in the US nationwide Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes consortium between January 1, 1994, and March 31, 2023, were used. Participant inclusion required a geocoded residential address in pregnancy (mean 32.4 gestational weeks) or early childhood (mean 4.3 years) and information on child BMI.ExposuresResidence in low-income, low–food access neighborhoods, defined as low-income neighborhoods where the nearest supermarket is more than 0.5 miles for urban areas or more than 10 miles for rural areas.Main Outcomes and MeasuresBMI z score, obesity (age- and sex-specific BMI ≥95th percentile), and severe obesity (age- and sex-specific BMI ≥120% of the 95th percentile) from age 0 to 15 years.ResultsOf 28 359 children (55 cohorts; 14 657 [51.7%] male and 13 702 [48.3%] female; 590 [2.2%] American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; 1430 [5.4%] Asian; 4034 [15.3%] Black; 17 730 [67.2%] White; and 2592 [9.8%] other [unspecified] or more than 1 race; 5754 [20.9%] Hispanic and 21 838 [79.1%] non-Hispanic) with neighborhood food access data, 23.2% resided in low-income, low–food access neighborhoods in pregnancy and 24.4% in early childhood. After adjusting for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residence in low-income, low–food access (vs non–low-income, low–food access) neighborhoods in pregnancy was associated with higher BMI z scores at ages 5 years (β, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11), 10 years (β, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.06-0.17), and 15 years (β, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.07-0.24); higher obesity risk at 5 years (risk ratio [RR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.21-1.55), 10 years (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.37-2.12), and 15 years (RR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.53-2.83); and higher severe obesity risk at 5 years (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.95-1.53), 10 years (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.20-1.99), and 15 years (RR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.32-2.80). Findings were similar for residence in low-income, low–food access neighborhoods in early childhood. These associations were robust to alternative definitions of low income and low food access and additional adjustment for prenatal characteristics associated with child obesity.ConclusionsResidence in low-income, low–food access neighborhoods in early life was associated with higher subsequent child BMI and higher risk of obesity and severe obesity. We encourage future studies to examine whether investments in neighborhood resources to improve food access in early life would prevent child obesity.

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Interpreting and Addressing Racialized Inequities in Rheumatic Disease Care and Outcomes

Yang,

Feldman

2024

Arthritis Care & Research

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Health inequities, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), are "differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources among different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age." 1 Numerous published studies to date among individuals with rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions demonstrate profound and persistent inequities in care and outcomes by race and ethnicity. Among individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), studies consistently show that individuals of African descent receive poorer quality care-from inadequate treatment regimens to inconsistent access to care, to fragmented care use patterns-and have more damage accrual, adverse outcomes, and higher mortality. [2][3][4][5][6] In individuals with osteoarthritis, studies demonstrate racial disparities in the receipt of joint arthroplasty and of recommended treatments like physical therapy, more severe disease at the time of presentation, and poorer outcomes. 7,8 Although there are fewer published studies examining these factors in rheumatoid arthritis, racialized inequities have been observed in receipt of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, in disease activity, and in access to rheumatologists. 9-11 A recent study by Sowa et al 12 has similarly demonstrated significant racialized inequities in receipt of knee arthroplasty among individuals cared for in the US Military Health System. Key challenges in rheumatology, and across all fields of medicine, include defining what race does and does not represent, understanding the mechanisms that drive these persistent racialized inequities, and developing sustainable, measurable interventions that close these gaps. Defining race and ethnicityRace and ethnicity are social constructs that the categories of which have changed over time based on geographic, cultural, and sociopolitical shifts. 13 In general, race arbitrarily divides people based on ancestral origin and physical characteristics (eg, skin color), whereas ethnicity captures shared values, language, and cultural norms among a group of people. 13 Ethnicity is distinct from race; the two should not be conflated because it risks minimizing other forms of discrimination such as xenophobia, colorism, and religious oppression. 14 According to Bailey et al, 15 "the modern concept of race emerged" in the United States as "early European settlers sought to preserve an economy" founded on exploiting the land and labor of Indigenous people and sustained by enslaving African people. 16,17 In the making of the United States, the colonists created a racial hierarchy, based on the unfounded premise that Black and Native American individuals were inferior, to justify the subordination and oppression of these groups. [16][17][18] After slavery, state and federal governments continued to perpetuate racial domination through Jim Crow laws, racial residential segregation, and mass incarceration, among others, to maintain political, social, economic, and ideological power ...

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Recommendations for Reporting Research About Racial Disparities in Medical and Scientific Journals

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Programming the next generation of prenatal programming of stress research: A review and suggestions for the future of the field

Programming the next generation of prenatal programming of stress research: A review and suggestions for the future of the field

Neighborhood Food Access in Early Life and Trajectories of Child Body Mass Index and Obesity

Interpreting and Addressing Racialized Inequities in Rheumatic Disease Care and Outcomes

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