Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines

Pierrot, Denis; Neill, Craig; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Castle, R. D.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Lüger, Heike; Johannessen, Truls; Olsen, Are; Feely, Richard A.; Cosca, Catherine E

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.005

Cited by 303 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A modified underway pumping system (Fig. 2) after Pierrot et al (2009) and Gülzow et al (2011), in combination with a WS-CRDS CH 4 analyzer (model G2301, Picarro Inc., USA), was used to continuously measure [CH 4 ] in surface seawater. Surface water was continuously pumped into instruments for analysis from an intake at a depth of $5 m (November 2011 and May 2012) or 2-3 m (July and August 2012).…”

Section: Underway Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

Zhang

Zhao

Zhai

et al. 2014

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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a b s t r a c tThe distributions of dissolved methane in the central Bohai Sea were investigated in November 2011, May 2012, July 2012, and August 2012. Methane concentration in surface seawater, determined using an underway measurement system combined with wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy, showed marked spatiotemporal variations with saturation ratio from 107% to 1193%. The central Bohai Sea was thus a source of atmospheric methane during the survey periods. Several episodic oil and gas spill events increased surface methane concentration by up to 4.7 times and raised the local methane outgassing rate by up to 14.6 times. This study demonstrated a method to detect seafloor CH 4 leakages at the sea surface, which may have applicability in many shallow sea areas with oil and gas exploration activities around the world.

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Section: Underway Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

Zhang

Zhao

Zhai

et al. 2014

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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“…Like the wellestablished underway pCO 2 method (Wanninkhof and Thoning, 1993;Feely et al, 1998;Pierrot et al, 2009), this early moored system described by Friederich et al (1995) and the MAPCO 2 system described in Sect. 2.1 combine air-water equilibrators with an infrared (IR) analyzer for CO 2 gas detection.…”

Section: Methods and Data Quality Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Post-QC calculation of pCO 2 and f CO 2 (fugacity of CO 2 ) are made according to recommendations of the underway pCO 2 community (Pierrot et al, 2009). However, MAPCO 2 measurements of xCO 2 vary from the underway pCO 2 method.…”

Section: Data Reduction and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autonomous technology to measure surface ocean carbon was developed to address this need and has undergone rapid advancement in the last three decades (Takahashi, 1961;Weiss et al, 1982;Wanninkhof and Thoning, 1993;Feely et al, 1998;Pierrot et al, 2009). Autonomous underway systems that can measure the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) on ships were the first major breakthrough in our ability to collect high-frequency observations in the global ocean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These systems are designed to produce climate-quality data sets with measurements accurate to within 1 µatm for atmospheric CO 2 and 2 µatm for surface seawater pCO 2 . This level of accuracy has allowed the scientific community to constrain regional sea-air CO 2 fluxes to 0.2 Pg C yr −1 , a level of resolution necessary to test process-based models and predict the future behavior of the carbon cycle (Bender et al, 2002;Pierrot et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Sutton

Sabine

Maenner-Jones

et al. 2014

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

120

130

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Abstract.In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasingly important. Advancements in the ocean carbon observation network over the last decade, such as the development and deployment of Moored Autonomous pCO 2 (MAPCO 2 ) systems, have dramatically improved our ability to characterize ocean climate, sea-air gas exchange, and biogeochemical processes. The MAPCO 2 system provides high-resolution data that can measure interannual, seasonal, and sub-seasonal dynamics and constrain the impact of shortterm biogeochemical variability on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO 2 using in situ calibrations with certified gas standards and post-deployment standard operating procedures is < 2 µatm for seawater partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and < 1 µatm for air pCO 2 . The MAPCO 2 maintains this level of uncertainty for over 400 days of autonomous operation. MAPCO 2 measurements are consistent with shipboard seawater pCO 2 measurements and GLOBALVIEW-CO2 boundary layer atmospheric values. Here we provide an open-ocean MAPCO 2 data set including over 100 000 individual atmospheric and seawater pCO 2 measurements on 14 surface buoys from 2004 through 2011 and a description of the methods and data quality control involved. The climate-quality data provided by the MAPCO 2 have allowed for the establishment of open-ocean observatories to track surface ocean pCO 2 changes around the globe. Data are available at doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_NDP092 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/Moorings/ndp092.

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Drivers of pCO₂ variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater discharge

Cyronak

Santos

Erler

et al. 2014

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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The impact of groundwater on pCO 2 variability was assessed in two coral reef lagoons with distinct drivers of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Diel variability of pCO 2 in the two ecosystems was explained by a combination of biological drivers and SGD inputs. In Rarotonga, a South Pacific volcanic island, 222 Rn-derived SGD was driven primarily by a steep terrestrial hydraulic gradient, and the water column was influenced by the high pCO 2 (5501 μatm) of the fresh groundwater. In Heron Island, a Great Barrier Reef coral cay, SGD was dominated by seawater recirculation through the sediments (i.e., tidal pumping), and pCO 2 was mainly impacted through the stimulation of biological processes. The Rarotonga water column had a higher average pCO 2 (549 μatm) . Over the course of this study, both systems were sources of CO 2 to the atmosphere with SGD-derived free-CO 2 most likely contributing a large portion to the air-sea CO 2 flux. Studies measuring the carbon chemistry of coral reefs (e.g., metabolism and calcification rates) may need to consider the effects of groundwater inputs on water column carbonate chemistry. Local drivers of coral reef carbonate chemistry such as SGD may offer more approachable management solutions to mitigating the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs.

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Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines

Cited by 303 publications

References 17 publications

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Drivers of pCO₂ variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater discharge

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Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines

Cited by 303 publications

References 17 publications

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere – The central Bohai Sea

A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Drivers of pCO2 variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater discharge

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Drivers of pCO₂ variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater discharge