Recognition of pathogen-derived sphingolipids in
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Katô, Hiroaki; Nemoto, Keiichirou; Shimizu, Mitsuru; Abe, Akira; Asai, Shuji; Ishihama, Nobuaki; Matsuoka, Seiji; Daimon, Takaaki; Ojika, Makoto; Kawakita, Kazuhito; Onai, Kiyoshi; Shirasu, Ken; Yoshida, Minoru; Ishiura, Masahiro; Takemoto, Daigo; Takano, Yoshitaka; Terauchi, Ryohei

doi:10.1126/science.abn0650

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…GSL d19:4/h22:1, which was detected in Isochrysis galbana ) 58 . This LCB has an additional double bond compared to the LCB d19:3, which is found in GSL species in E. huxleyi (hGSL, group A and 374-GSL species, Table S3), other haptophytes and dinoflagellates, and in SLs of fungi and marine invertebrates 39, 58–61 . Interestingly, resistant E. huxleyi strains are also characterized by GSL species containing the trihydroxylated LCB t18:0 (Fig 2b and Table 1), which is highly abundant in plants and fungi 62 and was thus far found only in vGSL species produced by infected cells (in addition to t16:0-and t17:0-based vGSL species, Table S3) 36, 38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean

Schleyer

Kuhlisch

Ziv

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Marine viruses play a key role in regulating phytoplankton populations, greatly affecting the biogeochemical cycling of major nutrients in the ocean. Resistance to viral infection has been reported for various phytoplankton species under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, the occurrence of resistant cells in natural populations is underexplored due to the lack of sensitive tools to detect these rare phenotypes. Consequently, our current understanding of the ecological importance of resistance and its underlying mechanisms is limited. Here, we sought to discover lipid biomarkers for the resistance of the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi to its specific virus, E. huxleyi virus (EhV). We identified novel glycosphingolipids (GSLs) that characterize resistant E. huxleyi strains by applying an untargeted lipidomics approach. Further, we detected these lipid biomarkers in E. huxleyi isolates that were recently collected from E. huxleyi blooms and used them to detect resistant cells in the demise phase of an open ocean E. huxleyi bloom. Lastly, we show that the GSL composition of E. huxleyi cultures that recover following infection and gain resistance to the virus resembles that of resistant strains. These findings highlight the metabolic plasticity and co-evolution of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and underscore its central part in this host-virus arms race.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean

Schleyer

Kuhlisch

Ziv

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In addition, consistent with our above findings, the increased SA-mediated resistance would be related to the severe disease symptom in virus-infected dcl2/4 and could contribute to a major immunity for dcl2/4 survival under virus attack. Evidence also showed that disrupting NCER2 would induce higher levels of SA [ 75 ] and loss of NCER2 function can reduce Arabidopsis resistant to pathogens [ 76 ]. Indeed, the level of NCER2 significantly reduced in dcl2/4 and dcl2/4 was more susceptive to CMV compared with Col-0.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana

Шен

Jin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Due to the impaired antiviral RNAi, the dcl2dcl4 (dcl2/4) mutant is highly susceptible to viruses deficient of the viral suppressor of the RNA silencing (VSR) contrast to wild-type Arabidopsis. It was found that more severe disease symptoms were induced in dcl2/4 infected with VSR-deficient CMV (CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b) compared to wild-type Arabidopsis infected with intact CMV. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed with Col-0 and dcl2/4 that were infected by CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b, respectively. Our analysis showed that the systematic infection of CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b could cause hypoxia response and reduce photosynthesis. Asymptomatic infections of CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b in Columbia (Col-0) promoted the expression of cell division-related genes and suppressed the transcription of metabolism and acquired resistance genes. On the other hand, immunity and resistance genes were highly induced, but photosynthesis and polysaccharide metabolism-related genes were suppressed in diseased plants. More interestingly, cell wall reorganization was specifically caused in modestly diseased Col-0 infected by CMV and a strong activation of SA signaling were correspondingly induced in severely diseased dcl2/4 by CMV or CMV mutants. Thus, our research revealed the nature of the Arabidopsis–CMV interaction at the transcriptome level and could provide new clues in symptom development and antiviral defense in plants.

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“…inceptin) [4] and oomycetes (e.g. elicitins, oligopeptide and phospholipid elicitors) [5,6]. Perception of MAMPs by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to the activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) which includes massive transcriptional reprogramming and the production of different molecules that strengthen cell walls, induce stomata closure and/or impose adverse effects on pathogens.…”

Section: Apoplastic Defences Triggered By Microbe Associated Molecula...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoplastic and vascular defences

Darino

Kanyuka²,

Hammond‐Kosack

2022

Essays in Biochemistry

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The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant’s immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen’s access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant–pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.

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Recognition of pathogen-derived sphingolipids in Arabidopsis

Cited by 28 publications

References 30 publications

Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean

Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana

Apoplastic and vascular defences

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