“…This model has been established as an effective tool for studying how the face forms (Dickinson, 2016;Dickinson, 2023;Dubey and Saint-Jeannet, 2017;Dickinson, 2012, 2014;Sullivan and Levin, 2016;Vandenberg et al, 2012;Wyatt et al, 2020). Moreover, deficiency or mutations in the same genes that cause craniofacial abnormalities in humans also cause similar defects in Xenopus (Adams et al, 2016;Bajpai et al, 2010;Devotta et al, 2016;Dubey et al, 2018;Dubey and Saint-Jeannet, 2017;Greenberg et al, 2019;Hwang et al, 2019;Lasser et al, 2019;Mills et al, 2019;Mohammadparast and Chang, 2022;Parast et al, 2023;Tahir et al, 2014;Wahl et al, 2015;Wyatt et al, 2020).…”