Abstract:Recognition-induced forgetting, whereby the recognition of targeted memories induces the forgetting of related memories, results from the recognition of old objects and rejection of new objects. Here we asked whether both these tasks are necessary to induce forgetting. Our unique design allowed us to isolate the recognition of old objects from the rejection of new objects by presenting subjects with only new objects, only old objects, and a mixture of both in separate conditions of an old-new recognition task.… Show more
“…Here we report a novel reanalysis of published data to calculate memorability scores, a method done previously 23 , which we used to test various theoretical accounts of induced forgetting. Refer to Experiment 1 of Fukuda, Pall 8 for a more detailed overview of the experimental methods that produced the data we analyze here. In brief, the original study aimed to determine whether both recognition of old objects and rejection of new objects was required to induce the forgetting of related objects.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Each object was presented in random order for 2 s with 500 ms between images. Figure 1 Brief overview of Fukuda, Pall 8 methods. Objects were sequentially presented for 2 s each during the encoding phase.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recognition-induced forgetting affects memory for a variety of memoranda, including pictures of everyday objects 6 , faces 4 , words 5 , and emotionally arousing images 7 . Induced forgetting occurs following recognition and rejection 8 , even when the viewer has knowledge of the forgetting effect and is instructed to resist forgetting 3 . This incidental forgetting appears more robust than intentional forgetting 9 .…”
Here we employ a novel analysis to address the question: what causes induced forgetting of pictures? We use baseline memorability as a measure of initial memory strength to ask whether induced forgetting is due to (1) recognition practice damaging the association between the memory representation and the category cue used to activate the representation, (2) the updating of a memory trace by incorporating information about a memory probe presented during recognition practice to the stored trace, (3) inhibitory mechanisms used to resolve the conflict created when correctly selecting the practiced item activates competing exemplars, (4) a global matching model in which repeating some items will hurt memory for other items, or (5) falling into the zone of destruction, where a moderate amount of activation leads to the highest degree of forgetting. None of the accounts of forgetting tested here can comprehensively account for both the novel analyses reported here and previous data using the induced forgetting paradigm. We discuss aspects of forgetting theories that are consistent with the novel analyses and existing data, a potential solution for existing models, proposals for future directions, and considerations when incorporating memorability into models of memory.
“…Here we report a novel reanalysis of published data to calculate memorability scores, a method done previously 23 , which we used to test various theoretical accounts of induced forgetting. Refer to Experiment 1 of Fukuda, Pall 8 for a more detailed overview of the experimental methods that produced the data we analyze here. In brief, the original study aimed to determine whether both recognition of old objects and rejection of new objects was required to induce the forgetting of related objects.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Each object was presented in random order for 2 s with 500 ms between images. Figure 1 Brief overview of Fukuda, Pall 8 methods. Objects were sequentially presented for 2 s each during the encoding phase.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recognition-induced forgetting affects memory for a variety of memoranda, including pictures of everyday objects 6 , faces 4 , words 5 , and emotionally arousing images 7 . Induced forgetting occurs following recognition and rejection 8 , even when the viewer has knowledge of the forgetting effect and is instructed to resist forgetting 3 . This incidental forgetting appears more robust than intentional forgetting 9 .…”
Here we employ a novel analysis to address the question: what causes induced forgetting of pictures? We use baseline memorability as a measure of initial memory strength to ask whether induced forgetting is due to (1) recognition practice damaging the association between the memory representation and the category cue used to activate the representation, (2) the updating of a memory trace by incorporating information about a memory probe presented during recognition practice to the stored trace, (3) inhibitory mechanisms used to resolve the conflict created when correctly selecting the practiced item activates competing exemplars, (4) a global matching model in which repeating some items will hurt memory for other items, or (5) falling into the zone of destruction, where a moderate amount of activation leads to the highest degree of forgetting. None of the accounts of forgetting tested here can comprehensively account for both the novel analyses reported here and previous data using the induced forgetting paradigm. We discuss aspects of forgetting theories that are consistent with the novel analyses and existing data, a potential solution for existing models, proposals for future directions, and considerations when incorporating memorability into models of memory.
“…Thus, each displayed distractor may be incrementally averaged with the target item during interference, leading to a bias in the memory for the target. Additionally, similar distractors may serve as a series of imprecise reminders which lead to disruptions in fine-grained memory about the target, with parallels to the phenomenon of retrieval-induced forgetting (Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, 2000;Fukuda, Pall, Chen, Maxcey, 2020;Storm & Levy, 2012). Furthermore, rather than the memory of the target directly distorted by similar interference, a separate representation of the shared information between the distractors and targets may be created, which would also manifest as "blurring"…”
Section: What Are the Mechanisms Underlying Forgetting?mentioning
Previous work suggests that the similarity of distracting information differentially alters how memories are forgotten. Though these effects have been shown for color memory, it is unclear if they extend to other modalities such as shape. In a first experiment, we created the Validated Circular Shape Space (VCS space), the first perceptually uniform "Shape Wheel" whereby subjective similarity was empirically quantified by angular distance on a 2D circle. In a second experiment, we utilized VCS space to examine the impact of distractor similarity on shape memory. A converging set of mixture model and model-free analyses revealed that distractor similarity differentially impacted memory detail. Dissimilar distractors disrupted both fine-and coarse-grained information, rendering the memory inaccessible. In contrast, similar distractors disrupted fine-grained but increased the reliance on coarse-grained information, rendering the memory blurred. As these effects were consistent across domains for both color and shape, we suggest these findings provide converging evidence for a set of general principles regarding how the nature of distracting information impacts memory. More generally, VCS space can be used to not only quantify subjective similarity but to also quantify memory fidelity for shape, a currently underexplored feature type in memory experiments.
“…Learning and memory involve are multi-step neural which include the encoding and acquisition of information (memorization), its storage and retention (consolidation), and finally its reproduction or recognition (recall) (Amodio, 2019;Fukuda et al, 2020). Temporal patterns of presentation (spaced or condensed) and the modality of information presentation and recall can affect overall performance, which further adds to the complexity of these processes.…”
Background: Memory efficiency is influenced by the modalities of acquisition and retrieval. The recall accuracy of read or voiced material differs depending on whether the recall is given verbally or in writing. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for both attentional allocation and short-term memory, suggesting that different short-term memory recall modalities are associated with distinct mPFC processes and activation patterns.Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor mPFC oxygenation parameters of 30 healthy subjects during acquisition and recall tasks as a measure of neural activity. Oxygenation parameters and recall accuracy were compared between oral and written answers and the potential correlations were analyzed.Results: Written responses were more accurate than verbal responses to the same questions and evoked greater changes in mPFC oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and total Hb (total-Hb). Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between recall accuracy and both Δ[oxyHb] and Δ[total-Hb] in the mPFC.Conclusion: Memory accuracy of written material is greater when responses are also written rather than verbal. In both cases, recall accuracy was correlated with the degree of mPFC activity. This NIRS-based learning and memory paradigm may be useful for monitoring training efficacy, such as in patients with cognitive impairment.
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